Fast Food And Childhood Development Essay - 1717 Words

Fast Food and Childhood Development Going out for a walk with our children and intending to take them to lunch outside may not be as good as we might think it is. The fast food industry is continually persuading children and young people to choose their product over the other one; using multiples strategies that will target their taste and vision. Yet fast food it might save times and please a child cravings, but a frequent consumption of fast food can distrainment a child growth and development in society in all era their life. Children who consume junk food frequently don’t develop optimally. But how bad can it be to, frequently consume junk food in childhood development? Kids like junk food; despite all the negative consequence it can brings. Places like Wendy’s, Burger King and McDonalds are very appealing to them. According to CBS News the fast industry knows how important is to advertise their product is all different way, and consequently they spend $4.2 billion on advertising in 2009. Meaning that they are spending billions of dollars just adverting food and as result children nowadays are seeing more fast food ads than ever before, disregarding the health problem this food is associated to. The fast food industries work very to strategically persuade the eyes, mind and stomach of children. They make sure the product is widely visible to them; in children cartoon while they are watching TV, in the street with multiples poster that have their favorites superheroes,Show MoreRelatedOur Children And The Danger Of Fast Food857 Words   |  4 PagesOur Children and The Danger of Fast Food   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The popularity of fast food is spreading rapidly among many people, mostly due to the following three main reasons:  good taste, convenience, and price. Also, fast food companies  are  smart  in placing themselves in many different countries around the world.  Regardless of location on the globe, fast food restaurants  are available  anywhere with similar food. There is no doubt that eating fast food  has become a regular part of  the diet. These mealsRead MoreFast Food : An Staple Of American Culture894 Words   |  4 Pages Jessica Seraphin Professor Benham English 2 20 January 2016 Fast Food in School Cafeterias Fast food has become a significant staple of American culture and has increased dramatically over the past three decades. In the most recent years, fast food chain’s growth has skyrocket. An industry that begun as a simple hot dog and burger stand has spread to any location paying customers can be spotted. Having a healthy diet have long term benefits such as weight loss, better sleep patternRead MoreChildhood Obesity : Obesity And Obesity Essay1671 Words   |  7 PagesObesity Childhood obesity has increased drastically over the past years and has become a health risk to children. In fact, childhood obesity has doubled in numbers in the past thirty years (Childhood Obesity Facts). Obesity occurs when an individual becomes overweight and can be diagnosed by using the body mass index or BMI scale. Obesity causes many diseases in children which cannot be cured without a doctor, in result, childhood obesity drives high health care costs. The existence of childhood obesityRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On America1394 Words   |  6 Pagesonly one cause, but several causes of why obesity is such a huge problem in America. Childhood obesity has greatly increased over the years and there are three main causes that have caused this, increase of fast food near schools, weak school policies, and family habits. These three main causes are the reason why childhood obesity has rapidly increased in America. Education and Life The proximity of fast food restaurants near middle and high schools has impacted the lives of many children acrossRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Serious Medical Condition That Affects Children And Adolescents991 Words   |  4 Pagessay by 2035 there will be more than 100,000 additional cases of heart disease linked to obesity (Collins 1). Childhood obesity has become more of an epidemic over the last few years. Although there are debates of childhood obesity being a problem, several factors contribute to childhood obesity such as parental feeding styles and fast food, nonetheless, which can all be prevented. Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is wellRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Growing Problem1594 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood Obesity: A Growing Problem According to the African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development â€Å"Twenty-five percent of children in the US are overweight and 11% are obese† ( Dehgan 1) . The Center of disease Control and Prevention defines overweight as having a body mass index, or BMI, of 30. BMI can be found by dividing an individual’s weight by their height. Childhood obesity is present in children from ages ranging 6-18. The amount of excess body fat can lead to many â€Å"heathRead MoreHow Do Television Advertisements Affect People s Food Choices And Its Significance1415 Words   |  6 Pagespeople’s food choices and its significance in relation to childhood obesity? Introduction: Childhood obesity is undoubtedly one of the most controversial issues in modern society, and is regarded as one of the most serious health problems. Research has shown overweight and obese children generally grow up to be overweight and/or obese as adults, who are highly likely to be predisposed to health factors such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease and other sorts of illnesses. With fast food, soda, sedentaryRead MoreChildhood Obesity Is Not Just An Issue That American1535 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood obesity is not just an issue that American’s are dealing with—it has become an epidemic. Today, about one in three American kids and teens are overweight or obese. Most Americans blame fast food companies for the rise in childhood obesity which has tripled in the past 70 years. American citizens point their fingers at fast food franchises because of the increasing rate of childhood obesity; Americans do not realize that it is most likely the parents who are to blam e because parents areRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Growing Concern That Threats The Children s Healthy Lives940 Words   |  4 PagesChildhood obesity, defined as â€Å"a BMI at or above the 95th percentile for children and teens of the same age and sex,† according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2015), is becoming a prominent issue in the United States. Child obesity is a growing concern that threats the children’s healthy lives. Overweight life style in childhood can lead to serious psychological problem and diseases such as low self-esteem, depression, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, stroke, heart failure, andRead MoreChildhood Obesity: A Growing Problem in Our Society Essay1122 Words   |  5 Pagesboth contribute immensely to obesity. The one most unaware to the public eye is the overwhelming availability of cheap food and how that affects social classes. Childhood obesity, an issue slowly swallowing the United States, becomes more pronounce d every day due to overeating, little to no exercise, and product availability and easy access. To begin with, children today consume food in outrageous quantities, creating one of the biggest yet most obvious reasons for obesity: overeating. Although children

How Do Psychologist Examine Behavior and Mental Processes

Introduction This essay will examine and compare the different ways in which psychologists examine behaviour and mental processes and will make reference to cognition, behaviourism, psychodynamics and neuroscience. According to Gerrig and Zimbardo (2002) behaviour can be described as â€Å"the actions by which an organism adjusts to its environment† and behaviour is said to involve mostly the frontal lobes more than the hypothalamus and is influenced greatly by external stimuli. Examples of behaviour are sexual behaviour, curiosity, food preference and reading. Mental processes are described by psychology dictionary (2014) is an umbrella term that would be used to describe any process, whether it physiological or psychological which occurs in a person’s mind for example the process of thinking and remembering. In order to fully achieve this I will have to explain each of the approaches in full details. Neuroscience Neuroscience is a branch or Biological psychology and according to Gerrig et al. (2002) neuroscience is â€Å"the scientific study of the brain and of the links between brain activity and behaviour†. As previously stated before, behaviour is an important part in all the theories of psychology. In general we have two types of behaviour which are regulatory and non-regulatory behaviour. Psychology dictionary (2014) describes a regulatory behaviour as the efforts that an organism makes which are aimed at achieving a balance physiologically by maintaining the basic needs whichShow MoreRelatedThe Biological Approach : Mental Processes And Behaviors1356 Words   |  6 Pagesbiological approach examines mental processes and behaviors by focusing on genetics and physiology. Psychologists who use the biological approach believe that mental processes and behaviors are caused and explained by activity between the nervous system and the brain. The biological approach is very scientific; therefore, psychologists can perform consistent, measureable experiments to examine how our genes, neuronal activity, and neurotransmitters interact with our environment and how they influenceRead MoreEssay about Definition of Psychology714 Words   |  3 PagesDefinition of Psychology The term psychology comes from two Greek words: psyche, which means 1. The spirit or soul. 2. The human mind. 3. In psychoanalysis, the mind functioning as the center of thought, emotion, and behavior. And logos, the study of. or according to modern researches science These root words were first combined in the 16th century, at a time when the human soul, spirit, or mind was seen as distinct from the body. Definition ofRead MorePsychology 103942 Words   |  4 Pages Question 1 of 10 1.0 Points How is the diversity of psychology limited, even today? A. There are very few psychologists that are members of racial minorities. B. The majority of psychologists are male. Incorrect C. Psychologists in the United States far outnumber those in all other countries combined. D. Both A and B. Answer Key: A Feedback: Remember that only approximately 5% of psychologists in the United States are members of a minority group. Read MoreFoundations of Psychology Paper785 Words   |  4 PagesPaper * This paper will discuss the major schools of thought in psychology and examine their major underlying assumptions. The paper will also identify the primary biological foundations of psychology linked to behavior. According to our reading in psychology is the scientific investigation of mental processes and behavior. Mental processes include how a person thinks, feels, remembers as well as a person’s behavior. When a doctor needs to understand a person they need to know the person’s biologyRead Morepsy 3601407 Words   |  6 PagesCognitive psychology is the study of mental processes surrounding learning, memory, perception, and thought. Though it is still a relatively new formal branch of psychology, its roots extend back to Descartes who sought a way to explain how the mind worked, proposing the analogy of a â€Å"hydraulic system of nerve function† (Willingham, 2007, p. 26) after he observed animated statues in Saint-Germain-en-Laye. It has been the restless pursuit of not only the idea of how the mind works but also what exactlyRead MoreCross Cultural Psychology1160 Words   |  5 Pagesknowing one, or at times more than one, kind of culture. Everyone has differe nt beliefs and ways of doing things and this usually has to do with our culture and the way we have been raised and brought up. This type of psychology looks into these many different cultures and studies how they affect us as humans and our development, mental processes, and behavior. Cultural psychology is a field in psychology that assumes that the idea that culture and mind are inseparable and that psychological theoriesRead MoreOrigins of Psychology and Research Methods Worksheet1462 Words   |  6 PagesHe believed that many psychological problems result from the conflicts that occur between acceptable behavior and unacceptable unconscious sexual or aggressive motives. His theory was called Psychoanalysis. Freud relied more on deductive reasoning rather than on rigorous research methods, hence making his approach non-scientific. Also, he laid emphasis on the importance of unconscious processes and unresolved past conflicts. Behaviorist: The founder of the behaviorist school of thought is JohnRead MoreA Career as a Psychologist Essay1432 Words   |  6 Pages Psychologists are very important people; they help millions of people with their everyday struggles and problems that they have to deal with. Not only do psychologists help people with problems that they cannot handle on their own, they also are scientists who study human minds and behaviors. With being a psychologist, there are many different careers to choose from within this profession (Explore Health Careers). The first type of psychologists to choose from is a clinical psychologist. ClinicalRead MoreCognitive Affective1347 Words   |  6 Pagesempirical branch of psychology, which aims to answer all questions regarding human activities, related to knowledge and emotions, such as, how we think, learn, and remember. It is grounded on the theory that thoughts and emotions affect our behavior; furthermore, behavior can be changed through a modification of our thoughts or emotions. Cognitive psychologists examine how our minds obtain, apply, organize, and retrieve information. In addition, the topics of attention, decision-making, critical thinkingRead MoreThe Scientific Study Of Behavior And Mental Processes1289 Words   |  6 PagesPyschology â€Å"The scientific study of behaviour and mental processes in humans and animals† (Scottish Qualifications Authority, 2001). This assessment essay will cover the four major schools , its development of it , key features that characterise each of the four schools of thought, the historical context and an evalution. The Psychodynamic approach includes all the theories in psychology that see human functioning based up on the interaction of drives and forces within, the person , partly unconscious

Enterprise Resource Planning Implementation

Question: What are the different issues can emerge in post-implementation phase of ERP implementation? How these issues can be rectified and avoided in future implementations? Answer: 1.Introduction ERP system is one of the improved versions of technology which helps the contemporary company to manage their resources well. It is technology based system which helps the organization to integrate business management system covering the areas of enterprise like human resources, finance, logistics and operations (Breznitz, 2008). Enterprise resources planning promises to maintain the one data base, one applications and own user interface which customized the solution for the current enterprise. With the rise in demand of ERP system various companies like Microsoft, SAP and Oracle has made their version of ERP system in order to give proper solution to the problems. Implementation of ERP cost is higher therefore it is afforded by the big business houses (Grabski, Leech Sangster, 2009). However, the study deals with the post implementation of ERP issues. Along with that study will also highlight the various types of issues and how the issues can be rectified. 2. Background Enterprise resource planning has been evolved from the system known as MRPII (Manufacturing requirements Planning) system helps to integrate with the suppliers, customers, and manufacturer using the network such as LAN, Wan and internet etc (Grant, 2003). Since MRP II was creating number of problems like not been able to integrate different functional areas and traditional form of application system which why ERP is being modified version of MRPII. ERP has certain characteristics which qualify for the true solutions. It is quite flexible system that response to the changes, it is modular and open and it performs of various multi-facility woks at once. ERP provides the multi platform which would increases the facility for the company that would again helps in gaining the higher productivity within the limited amount of time. ERP performs the core activities and increase the customer service which would bridge a information gap across organizations (Gupta, 2008). ERP also helps the org anization top cater large market share by reducing the time limit of services and the set the benchmarking for every job. Implementation of ERP is one of the costly affairs. It cannot be sued by small or the SME for their business venture. ERP solution opt the better project management. It allows automatic introduction of the latest technologies like EFT and EDI which will help to eliminate the problems like materials storages, efficiency improvement, customer services, inventory problems and delivery timings (Musaji, 2002). The success ratio of the implementation of ERP is based on the consultants and the consulting company along with user and vendors in order to achieve the overall objectives. The implementation consultation has to understand the need of the users, understand the business needs and design the solution as per the needs. It also helps in the managing and enabling the all the tool which will help to make the work much better which is helpful in adding the efforts (Peterson, Gelman Cooke, 2001). During the implementation, the packaging of the ERP can be changes as per the business and made into customised form so that it becomes the user friendly. Along that role and responsibilities of the employees have to be clearly identified, understood and the employees will have to accept new processes. Figure 1: ERP life cycle framework (Source: Reuven Karni, 2009, pp-233) Implementation of the ERP needs package such as formation plan, preparation of plan, mapping the business process and analyzing the gap. However, there are certain risk associated with ERP will have cost the governance issues in an ERP (Sheldon, 2005). After the implementation of ERP critical success factors must be achieved by the company in the long run along with company also is able to classify its KPI (Key performance indicators). 3. Post Implementation issues i) Technical issues: Post implementation of ERP, company faces technical aspects within the ERP system which could be common phenomenon. ERP systems success rests on the integrations of data across the institutions (Sommer, 2006). ERP system success factors are based on the integrations of data across the institutions. An ERP helps the organisations with the individual data resources, duplicate resources and coordinating between the data sources. It is disorganized data base structure that can give the inaccurate data. Another major technical difficult would be reporting and sharing of the wrong information because of poor implementation of the ERP (Stahl, 2007). The next issues with the implementation of the ERP should be to maintain the data and strong properly which would be very difficult in future if the implementation of data is very much poor and the maintained separately. Figure 2: ERP Technical support (Source: Suki Suki, 2010, pp-432) On the other hand, another major problem is its complexity in use. The people who are basically technologically handicapped will be able to cope with the problem of user friendliness technology (Marinos et al. 2001). for instance, Nike faced problem of with its i2 system of ERP in June 2000 which may be reflect software problems which has been close tied with the core business. The functional way of implementation of ERP system would creates poor performance of ERP system failures which would lead to great cause of ERP implementations failures (MK, 2012). This is because of the poor product selections, poor packages selection and inadequate developed functional requirements definition by the vendors. Accurate data is absolute information which is required to maintain the system functions properly. If the accurate data is not provided by the vendor company the implementation of the job redundancy (Musaji, 2002). Technical problem that is faced by the EROP after the implementation of ERP are given below: Non-robust and incomplete ERP packages: The ERP packages vendor promises that its products are the next versions. However, ERP packages needed to robust and must be some of standard which would upgraded every time own his own rather than to invest every times for the part of customization for which a vendor upgraded the base ERP packages (Shields, 2001). Poor custom code: The poor custom code is another technical issue which could be raise within the technical aspect of the job. Since the poor custom code create problem for the company in near future as the coding of the software is very much relates the business process and resources integrated (Parr and Shanks, 2000). The custom code leads to data errors summarizing the data and converting the data and unifying the data which would increase the version of data stores. ETL (extractions transformation loading) tools are pieces of softwares for the extractions of data from the several sources, filtering the data, the data and insertion into a data warehouse (Baggio, 2008). Data integration problem: Apart from the above, another major problem of ERP system is the conflicts with business strategy. The problem of data integration causes severe discrepancies for the business after the installation is not made as per the requirement of the functional resources (Beatty Williams, 2006). Data ERP integration problem start with the packages are not designed to tie up other autonomous applications is major default in integration problems. (ii) Managerial Issues Type of problems Percentage Cost of the project overruns 66% Project delays 54% Conflicts with company goals 40% Change management resistance from the employees 32% Conflicts with consultants 34% Internal conflicts 30% Conflict with vendors 28% Cost of the project overruns: Implementing ERP system within the existing system create million or rather multimillion affair of the company. Cost of the project after the implementation must be reviewed by the manager which will help the manager to understand the project cost has overruns or has work as per the demand of the customers (Chen, Razi Rienzo, 2011). After the implementation of the ERP system as per the required integration , manager needs to assess whether the reason for the overrun of the cost and how its should be compensate after the completion. Cost of ERP is very much overruns the company existing budget which would also lead to increase in higher debt and affect in the operation system which is one of the major problem for the manager (Elbertsen Reekum, 2008). The typical cost of the ERP for the large organizations starts from the $400,000-300,000. It has been estimated that the total cost of ownership would be US $54,320 per user. There has been significant hidden cost which with ERP implementation includes training , integrations and testing of data conversion. The manager is also concern about the ROI which return on invest on the invested project (Elragal Haddara, 2013). If the project in not been used as per expected return then the company has to face huge loss and the manager may get fired for instance FoxMeyer managerial failure increases the cost. Employee resistance to change: Besides that cost, manager also faces strong employee resistance issues that require retraining and re-orientations on the part of the employees. Employees are very much apprehensive about the technological changes within the company because of the fear of job security within their mind. ERP often requires more data collection screen that legacy systems which may increase the employee workload (Gordon, 1996). Another major key issues holds here is the employee retentions. The manager could face the resignation from the employee and retire early in order to save themselves from the pain of learning of new technology (Hagoort Brown, 2000). Another major problem would employee who are directly involved with the ERP may exit the organizations due to high demand for the experienced ERP programmers and installers (Johansson, 2012). Apart from that, manager need to also invest in the change management which may take huge time and cost in order to make changes as per change is been made with the customer base. Employees resistance to change is one of the tougher approaches for the manager as the employees are habituated with the existing of way of working. Some of the major ERP managerial failure in the private sector are Hershey Foods whose sales has been dropped by the 24% which is because of the incompetency of the ERP system that caused the distribution problems within the organisations (Cowderoy Powell, 2002). Other major examples of ERP failure system is for the FoxMeyer drugs which was latter went for bankruptcy after the unsuccessful ERP implementation. As the change in this company is not able to cope with the technologies because of which the company faces tough time to manage the company manpower asset (Dantes Hasibuan, 2010). Lack of senior level management commitment was reveals that some of users were not accommodated with the changed technology. Lack of communication within the management could also be one of the major steps which have made the change within the management harder which an indirect of affect of ERP on manager (Khanna, 2012). (iii) Effectiveness issues There are many effectiveness issues which has been identified after the installation of the ERP within the company. As the companies are befitting with the efficiency of the SAP built company also faces tough to survive because of poor effectiveness of the ERP within their company (Sommer, 2011). Some of the major companies which lacks the proper effectiveness are Whirlpool who has been facing crippled in it shipping system which is leaving appliances stacked on load of the docks and paying customers for full eight weeks. It has been found that half of the ERP problem is because of the people and work culture not the technical within the company (Supramaniam, Abdullah Ponnan, 2014). Apart from that other major examples is given from the company called Volkswagen delays in shipment delays that cost the inventory charges higher than the expected , this is because of the proper inefficiency of the ERP (Haynes, 2009). As the ERP efficiency is based on the integrated functional system which can be delayed in the ship because of the lack of updating of the system (Verma, 2011). There are other major various problems which could also lead to poor efficiency of the ERP systems such as: Increase in procurement lead time: Increase in the procurement lead time may decrease the efficiency of the manufacturing unit which would to create again problems within the company. Apart from that, failure of DEV network also may lower efficiency of the company which would increase the procurement lead time Apart from that, efficiency is totally depended upon how fast the data storage passes the filter information to the required apartment (Yakovlev Anderson, 2001). If the data is not passed at right time then the problems of customer response time would increase. This could decrease the customer base of the company which will lead the company to lose its customer base face of poor efficiency of the IT system. ERP is chosen because of its efficiency level is higher than human being (Musaji, 2002). Lack of proper efficiency would decrease the company efficiency which would hurt the company profitability in the near future. One of the major aspects of the ERP is that, owners and the managers can actually keep their eye on the investment. Updation difficulty: On the other hand, the ERP may face the updating difficulty in updation of the information once to be entered. This problem also can be create in delay in the project of the company (Peterson, Gelman Cooke, 2001). Time constraints: Time limitation in sending of the information is less which would also make it next efficient way of handling things. This would restrict the time access of internet which delays in the project shipment to customer updating (Reuven Karni, 2009). Although there has time given for data entry but most of the times as the access to the intent would be unavailable, therefore, submitting the total job within the time given will be next to impossible for the company (Ferraro, 2007). This would cause because of the poor internet service or rather inefficiency of ERP. Moreover, time consuming in ERP system will can be increased because sometime company need to feed the same information several times which will take time consuming because of the format for the entering data was found to be boring and formats kept changing demand the same informations in different format again and again (Sheldon, 2005). 4. Solutions The issues can be tacked in various ways in order to manage the ERP system within the company. Since the company has implemented the ETP system and after that the problem has been arises the solution will as per the given in this phase of the job. For technical issues: Figure 3: Norms for better success ratio of efficient ERP implementations (Source: Sommer, 2006, pp-443) From the above, it has been found that, technical defaults can be manage via choosing the best packages and given enough and adequate documentation for the company which would lead the ERP system less faulty (DeCarlo, 2010). Apart from that, given chooses eth best companies like SAP and Oracle who are known for their ERP system globally. The EREP system of the SAP is very much mitigate the risk of the robust packages which contain the specific form of functionality which comprises of accounts , HRM , finance and corporate governance along with sales and marketing. Apart from that, the company also specifically manage the data integration via using DEV network-PRD landscapes customers would give ample amount to the solution to the company for the large and medium size company (Marinos et al. 2001). Apart from that, all other systems (DEV, ACC, PREPROD, and PRD) should get connected to SAP solution manager PRD in order to benefit from all that data in one place (Losey et.al.2007). The major disadvantage of DEV SAP would help the manager to support the packages which would make it easier to minimize the impact on the error and the efficient custom code which would reduce the data integration problem for the company. For managerial issues: Figure 4: Ideal ERP system in large organizations (Source: Baggio, 2008, pp-55) With proper training and the making of Gantt chart for the project, the overrun cost and the managerial problem will be solved (Gido Clements, 2012). Gantt chart will given enough scope to understand the managers to analyse the cost and time of the project which is ERP. In order to reduce cost overrun, manager can creates schedule and proper planning which would give him the enough scope to complete the project and analyses the reason for time consuming (Beatty Williams, 2006). Apart from that by using the lewins change model of the managing the HRM would decreases the problem of the hiring and firing (Klussmann, 2009). Most of the employees are fear of the job security which would be eradicated if the change model phases would be used which is Unfreeze, change and Refreeze. This model will give enough scope to handle the pressure of being the change within the management (Konrad, 2009). With help of proper training and development, manager would able to achieve the employee retention and employee engagement process for the technological advancement (Lockwood, 2007). Manager need to choose the proper vendors which understand the company requirement and provide the solutions accordingly. For Efficiency issues With proper planning and implementation ERP Vendors Market share SAP 33% Oracle 10% JD Edwards 7% People Soft 6% Baan 5% Others 39% Graph 1: market share of ERP software (Source: Elragal Haddara, 2013, pp-215) Market share of the ERP vendor list SAP is higher because it is very efficient technologies which assemble and fits as per the company requirements (Gordon, 1996). As the company large companies are looking for the facing data updating problem because of business of the company is expanded in international circuit. Therefore the company should look to use SAP form of ERPs which would enable the integrating best practices as per the organizations standard. The data updating would be updated as per the data mining process of the ERP which would given enough scope to manage the time and the cost of ERP system for the company (Elragal Haddara, 2013). Apart from that ERP drivers must be able to satisfy the customer satisfaction, more efficient processes and meeting the business re engineerings requirements. The time consuming of the data interfaces would be solved by the use of the software which more of customized and fits with these process. Te efficiency of the ERP can be managed and control by security measures like CAPACHA and biometric measures to enhance the scalability of the ERP softwares (Johansson, 2012). With CAPCHA the efficiency to restrict the data and access to control data confidentiality which was leased the lines to control internet failure chances. Conclusion ERP software solution is used for the better management of the activities, data and information across the institution. In order to successful implementation of ERP system need to be more of high capability and the customised as per the given documentations. After the implementation of ERP, There have been numerous issues such as technical issues, managerial issues and efficiency issues. Technical issues are data integration which is caused by due to poor choosing of packages and lack of expertise. Apart from that managerial issues like cost overruns and employee resistance to change are some of the major changes which is needed to be handled by the managers after the implementation of ERP systems. Lastly, efficiency issues like time constraints in data updating can be resolved via the use of CAPATH security which increase the internet efficiency that would again the increase the efficiency of the company. Reference List Books Breznitz, Z. (2008). Brain research in language. New York: Springer. Grabski, S., Leech, S., Sangster, A. (2009). Management accounting in enterprise resource planning systems. Oxford: CIMA. Grant, G. (2003). ERP data warehousing in organizations. Hershey, PA: IRM Press. Gupta, A. (2008). Quality assurance for Dynamics AX-Based ERP Solutions. Birmingham: Packt Pub. Musaji, Y. (2002). Integrated auditing of ERP systems. New York: J. Wiley Sons. Inc. Peterson, W., Gelman, L., Cooke, D. (2001). ERP trends. New York, NY: Conference Board. Reuven Karni.,. (2009). ERP. Springer-Verlag US. Sheldon, D. (2005). Class A ERP implementation. Boca Raton, Fla.: J. Ross Pub. Shields, M. (2001). E-business and ERP. New York: Wiley. Sommer, R. (2006). 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Lab Report Digestion Essay Example

Lab Report Digestion Paper These large molecules cannot cross last membranes intact to be absorbed from the lumen of the digestive tract into the blood or lymph; hence, it must undergo degradation in size (Sherwood, 2013). This degradation process is catcalled by hydrolysis enzymes, which split large molecules into smaller, observable units by combining with water. (Similarity, 2013) The hydrolysis of molecules becomes more effective by the release of specific enzymes that works at optimum pH in different regions of digestive tract. The three major GIG hormones are gastric from the stomach mucosa, secreting and collections (KC) from the duodenal mucosa. Gastric is released primarily in response to protein in the stomach, and its effects promote digestion of protein. Secreting is released in response to acid in the duodenum, and its effects will neutralize the acid. KC is released in response to fat in the duodenum, and its effects optimize conditions for fat digestion reactions. (Sherwood, 201 3) Digestion of carbohydrates begins in the mouth (salivary digestion), where the salivary glands (sublunary, subliminal or parroted) will secrete an amylase called fatality that begins the hydrolysis of complex polysaccharides: Plant extraterrestrial glycogen I Amylase Disaccharide(maltose, sucrose, lactose) I Fatality has an optimum pH of around 6. 8, which is roughly the pH found in the mouth. Protein digestion begins in the stomach (gastric digestion) where the enzyme pepsin splits proteins to shorter polypeptide chains containing amino acids. Secretion and activation of pepsin occurs as follows: Possession(chief cells) WHQL (parietal cells) I Pepsin I Besides activating possession, HCI provides the stomach a pH of 2, so the pepsin activity works at optimum level. For digestion of fat, pancreatic lipase reaction must be aided with the presence of bile salts as an emulsifier. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report Digestion specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report Digestion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report Digestion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Lipase is a water-soluble enzyme, and it is not effective alone to act on the large lipid droplets which are water insoluble. Bile salts emulsify by breaking the fat into smaller droplets so that lipase has a larger surface area for the hydrolysis of fats. The pancreas also aids digestion by secreting sodium bicarbonate. This compound provides a pH of around 7. 8 in the small intestine, which is optimal for the action of the pancreatic enzymes (Similarity, 2013). 2. 0. OBJECTIVES * To examine the action of some of the key digestive enzymes and the factors that can alter their activities. 3. 0. MATERIALS AND METHODS 3. 1. Materials Test tubes (15 20 ml), test tube clamps, measuring cylinders (10 ml), watch glass, pH paper, water baths with test tube racks, hard-boiled egg whites, 1% acetic acid, 1% pancreatic solution in 0. 2% NAACP, 0. 5% starch paste, Logos solution, Benedicts solution, 5% pepsin solution, 0. 5% HCI, concentrated HCI, 0. 5% Noah, ice, powdered litmus, litmus paper. 3. 2. Methods 3. 2. 1 . Activity 1 1 . About 10 ml of human saliva (fresh) is collected in a graduated cylinder. 2. A small amount of saliva is placed in a watch glass and a few drops of 1% acetic acid are added. A precipitate indicated that the present of music (a globetrotting) is indicated by precipitate occurrences. 3. Four test tubes are prepared and labeled as follows: Tube 1 | Tube 2 | Tube? I Tube 4 | 3 ml starch+3 ml waterlines water bath | 3 ml starch+3 ml saliva inch water bath 3 ml starch (cooled)+3 ml saliva (cooled)inline bath | 3 ml starch+3 ml saliva+5 drops con Histrionic water bath I 4. Half of each tubes contents are poured into a new test tube each respectively after the tubes are incubated for 1 hour. One set of tubes is tested for: 5. 1. Starch (Logos solution) 5. 1 . 1. Ropes of Logos solution is added to each tube. Presence of starch is indicated by dark purple color occurrences. The amount of starch is indicated by the shades of reddish brown. 5. 1. 2. The amount of starch is rated based on the intensity (++4), (+4), or G). 5. 2. Maltose (Benedicts solution) 5. 1. 3. 4 ml of Benedicts solution is added to each tube. The tubes are then placed in a boiling water bath fo r 2 minutes. 5. 1. 5. The tubes are removed using a clamp and the concentration of maltose is compared using the following scale: red (+++), orange-yellow (++), green (+), blue (-). 3. 2. 2. Activity 1 . Thin slices of cooked egg white with same size (about 0. 5 cam) are placed in four test tubes. 2. Following solutions are added to the tubes and the pH of each tube is determined: Tube 1 | Tube 2 | Tube 3 | Tube 4 | 5 ml pepsin(5 % solution)+5 ml HCI(O. 5 %) | 5 ml pepsin(5 % solution)+5 ml water | 5 ml HCI(O. 5 ml water | 5 ml pepsin(5 % solution)+5 ml Noah(O. 5 96) | 3. The tubes are allowed to incubate in a teacher bath for 1 hour. The final pH of the solutions is tested and the amount of protein digestion is estimated using a scale of (+++), (++), (+), and (-) by comparing the four tubes. . 0. RESULTS 4. 1. Activity 1 pH of saliva: 6. Presence of Music: present Table 1: Reaction of saliva in 4 different conditions of tubes Tube I Starch I Maltose I Explanation I 1. Water I 2. Saliva I +++ _ 3. Cooled saliva I ++ I 4. Saliva,HCI 1+1 I 4. 2. Activity 2 Table 2: Reaction of pepsin in 4 different conditions of tubes Tube Initial pH Final pH I Estimated digestion Explanation 1 1. P epsin,HCI 1 31 31 +++ I phi caused from the HCI presence and is optimum for pepsin activity so the amount of protein digestion is highest among others. 1 2. Pepsin,water 1 51 61 ++ I The H is 5 which higher than optimum pH of pepsin and pepsin is not in acidic environment. Thus, the amount of protein digestion is lower than tube 1. | 3. HCI,water 1 31 31 +1 The pH is already optimum for pepsin but there is absence of pepsin. Thus, the amount of protein digestion is the lowest. 4. Pepsin,Noah | 14 | 14 I Pepsin work best in acidic environment, not alkaline. Thus, there is no protein digestion occurred. | 5. 0. POST-LAB QUESTION 5. 1. Salivary Digestion of Carbohydrates 1. Function of music in the mouth: Acts as lubricant for easier swallowing and protects the mouth lining from abrasion. 2. Indicate the relative amounts of starch and maltose after incubation. . What in vivo (in the body) situation is simulated by the conditions in tube 4? The hydrolysis of carbohydrates by the act of fatality is inhibited. 4. Does fatality hydrolysis of carbohydrate continue in the stomach? No, the enzyme become inactive soon the food environment is below 4. 0, which the stomach is, by the action of HCI secreted. 5. Where else is amylase secreted in the digestive system ? Pancreas, and is called pancreatic amylase. 5. 2. Gastric Digestion of Protein 1 . What in vivo (in the body) situation is simulated by the conditions in tube 4? Pepsin cannot digest protein in alkaline pH environment. 2. Which other enzyme have major proteolysis activities in the digestive tract? Trapshooting, comprehension and prestidigitations 3. A person with chlorinated has defective secretion by the parietal cells. What is the physiological effect of chlorinated in the body? If the HCI is absent in the stomach, protein digestion will be severely impaired, the effect can be associated with pernicious anemia, stomach cancer and pellagra. 4. What is the function of the mucous cells in the gastric pits? i. Protects the gastric mucosa against mechanical injury through its lubricating properties. Protects the stomach wall from self-digestion due to pepsin iii. Protects gastric lining against acid injury by neutralizing HCI secretions through its alkaline properties without interrupt the function of HCI in lumen. 6. 0. DISCUSSION All food ingested will go along through alimentary canal until it is secreted. Carbohydrates group will undergo digestion first along the way since the enzyme amylase that is responsible to digest the nutrient present in the saliva in the mouth. Besides having amylase to initiates chemical digestion, saliva also retests oral cavity, such as music. Music is a slippery globetrotting that protects the mouth from friction or erosion whilst undergo mastication (Campbell, et al. , 2008). Salivary amylase helps the carbohydrates digestion by hydrolysis complex polysaccharides to disaccharide and a-limit Dexedrine, that later will be broken down even further by other enzymes into incarcerations, a unit of nutrient that is observable (Sherwood, 2013). Tube 1 shows slowest reaction because there is no enzyme that can act upon starch or maltose present inside. The reaction will be different if there is implement enzyme present because enzyme functions as catalysts, agents that selectively speed up chemical reaction without being consumed by the reaction (Campbell, et al. , 2008). Hence, tube 1 will react as a control for the results in other tube in Table 1. In tube 2 that containing saliva, there is consistent reaction occur in starch but no in maltose. It is because saliva contain salivary amylase; enzyme that hydrolysis complex polysaccharides such as starch, consisting polysaccharides amylase (unbranded chain of glucose) and implementation (branched chain of glucose) into smaller polysaccharides (Sherwood, 2013). Since amylase is selectively reacting to polysaccharides, so it does not affect the reaction of maltose, which is a disaccharide. For tube 3 that containing saliva that is cooled, the reaction of starch is slower than tube 2, while the reaction of maltose is same as other previous tube that test on maltose which is no reaction. Enzyme works best at its optimum temperature that is 37 co which is the normal body temperature (Campbell Ferret, 2012). Any drops in the temperature will slower the enzymatic reaction like the cooled saliva containing amylase in tube 3. For tube 4, the pH environment is not suitable for amylase to take action. Fatality or amylase has an optimum pH of around 6. 8 (Similarity, 2013), so the acidic environment would inhibit the enzyme, resulted in very slow reaction of starch, and the no reaction in maltose like other tube. Protein group begins it digestive process in the stomach mantra, which containing enzyme pepsin that responsible in hydroplaning protein to peptide fragment, that soon undergo further breakdown by the act of other enzyme until it become nutrient unit that is observable which is amino acid (Sherwood, 2013). For activity 2, the rating of the results will be based on the intensity of the rupture of albumin textures. Based on Table 2, tube 1 has the most reaction of protein digestion compared to tube 2, 3 and 4. It is because enzyme pepsin works best at pH of 2 (Campbell Ferret, 2012), and tube 1 has the nearest pH preferable that is 3, being provided by the present of HCI. It can be observed that the part of the albumin is fragmented. Tube 2 has the second protein digestion because the pH environment is not too acidic for pepsin to act. Hence, there is less fragment resulted at the albumin in tube 2. Since there is no present of pepsin, the digestive process for tube 3 comes in third because there is no enzymatic reaction occurs although the pH reading for tube 3 is near to the optimum pH of pepsin activity.