Fast Food And Childhood Development Essay - 1717 Words

Fast Food and Childhood Development Going out for a walk with our children and intending to take them to lunch outside may not be as good as we might think it is. The fast food industry is continually persuading children and young people to choose their product over the other one; using multiples strategies that will target their taste and vision. Yet fast food it might save times and please a child cravings, but a frequent consumption of fast food can distrainment a child growth and development in society in all era their life. Children who consume junk food frequently don’t develop optimally. But how bad can it be to, frequently consume junk food in childhood development? Kids like junk food; despite all the negative consequence it can brings. Places like Wendy’s, Burger King and McDonalds are very appealing to them. According to CBS News the fast industry knows how important is to advertise their product is all different way, and consequently they spend $4.2 billion on advertising in 2009. Meaning that they are spending billions of dollars just adverting food and as result children nowadays are seeing more fast food ads than ever before, disregarding the health problem this food is associated to. The fast food industries work very to strategically persuade the eyes, mind and stomach of children. They make sure the product is widely visible to them; in children cartoon while they are watching TV, in the street with multiples poster that have their favorites superheroes,Show MoreRelatedOur Children And The Danger Of Fast Food857 Words   |  4 PagesOur Children and The Danger of Fast Food   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The popularity of fast food is spreading rapidly among many people, mostly due to the following three main reasons:  good taste, convenience, and price. Also, fast food companies  are  smart  in placing themselves in many different countries around the world.  Regardless of location on the globe, fast food restaurants  are available  anywhere with similar food. There is no doubt that eating fast food  has become a regular part of  the diet. These mealsRead MoreFast Food : An Staple Of American Culture894 Words   |  4 Pages Jessica Seraphin Professor Benham English 2 20 January 2016 Fast Food in School Cafeterias Fast food has become a significant staple of American culture and has increased dramatically over the past three decades. In the most recent years, fast food chain’s growth has skyrocket. An industry that begun as a simple hot dog and burger stand has spread to any location paying customers can be spotted. Having a healthy diet have long term benefits such as weight loss, better sleep patternRead MoreChildhood Obesity : Obesity And Obesity Essay1671 Words   |  7 PagesObesity Childhood obesity has increased drastically over the past years and has become a health risk to children. In fact, childhood obesity has doubled in numbers in the past thirty years (Childhood Obesity Facts). Obesity occurs when an individual becomes overweight and can be diagnosed by using the body mass index or BMI scale. Obesity causes many diseases in children which cannot be cured without a doctor, in result, childhood obesity drives high health care costs. The existence of childhood obesityRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On America1394 Words   |  6 Pagesonly one cause, but several causes of why obesity is such a huge problem in America. Childhood obesity has greatly increased over the years and there are three main causes that have caused this, increase of fast food near schools, weak school policies, and family habits. These three main causes are the reason why childhood obesity has rapidly increased in America. Education and Life The proximity of fast food restaurants near middle and high schools has impacted the lives of many children acrossRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Serious Medical Condition That Affects Children And Adolescents991 Words   |  4 Pagessay by 2035 there will be more than 100,000 additional cases of heart disease linked to obesity (Collins 1). Childhood obesity has become more of an epidemic over the last few years. Although there are debates of childhood obesity being a problem, several factors contribute to childhood obesity such as parental feeding styles and fast food, nonetheless, which can all be prevented. Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is wellRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Growing Problem1594 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood Obesity: A Growing Problem According to the African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development â€Å"Twenty-five percent of children in the US are overweight and 11% are obese† ( Dehgan 1) . The Center of disease Control and Prevention defines overweight as having a body mass index, or BMI, of 30. BMI can be found by dividing an individual’s weight by their height. Childhood obesity is present in children from ages ranging 6-18. The amount of excess body fat can lead to many â€Å"heathRead MoreHow Do Television Advertisements Affect People s Food Choices And Its Significance1415 Words   |  6 Pagespeople’s food choices and its significance in relation to childhood obesity? Introduction: Childhood obesity is undoubtedly one of the most controversial issues in modern society, and is regarded as one of the most serious health problems. Research has shown overweight and obese children generally grow up to be overweight and/or obese as adults, who are highly likely to be predisposed to health factors such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease and other sorts of illnesses. With fast food, soda, sedentaryRead MoreChildhood Obesity Is Not Just An Issue That American1535 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood obesity is not just an issue that American’s are dealing with—it has become an epidemic. Today, about one in three American kids and teens are overweight or obese. Most Americans blame fast food companies for the rise in childhood obesity which has tripled in the past 70 years. American citizens point their fingers at fast food franchises because of the increasing rate of childhood obesity; Americans do not realize that it is most likely the parents who are to blam e because parents areRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Growing Concern That Threats The Children s Healthy Lives940 Words   |  4 PagesChildhood obesity, defined as â€Å"a BMI at or above the 95th percentile for children and teens of the same age and sex,† according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2015), is becoming a prominent issue in the United States. Child obesity is a growing concern that threats the children’s healthy lives. Overweight life style in childhood can lead to serious psychological problem and diseases such as low self-esteem, depression, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, stroke, heart failure, andRead MoreChildhood Obesity: A Growing Problem in Our Society Essay1122 Words   |  5 Pagesboth contribute immensely to obesity. The one most unaware to the public eye is the overwhelming availability of cheap food and how that affects social classes. Childhood obesity, an issue slowly swallowing the United States, becomes more pronounce d every day due to overeating, little to no exercise, and product availability and easy access. To begin with, children today consume food in outrageous quantities, creating one of the biggest yet most obvious reasons for obesity: overeating. Although children

How Do Psychologist Examine Behavior and Mental Processes

Introduction This essay will examine and compare the different ways in which psychologists examine behaviour and mental processes and will make reference to cognition, behaviourism, psychodynamics and neuroscience. According to Gerrig and Zimbardo (2002) behaviour can be described as â€Å"the actions by which an organism adjusts to its environment† and behaviour is said to involve mostly the frontal lobes more than the hypothalamus and is influenced greatly by external stimuli. Examples of behaviour are sexual behaviour, curiosity, food preference and reading. Mental processes are described by psychology dictionary (2014) is an umbrella term that would be used to describe any process, whether it physiological or psychological which occurs in a person’s mind for example the process of thinking and remembering. In order to fully achieve this I will have to explain each of the approaches in full details. Neuroscience Neuroscience is a branch or Biological psychology and according to Gerrig et al. (2002) neuroscience is â€Å"the scientific study of the brain and of the links between brain activity and behaviour†. As previously stated before, behaviour is an important part in all the theories of psychology. In general we have two types of behaviour which are regulatory and non-regulatory behaviour. Psychology dictionary (2014) describes a regulatory behaviour as the efforts that an organism makes which are aimed at achieving a balance physiologically by maintaining the basic needs whichShow MoreRelatedThe Biological Approach : Mental Processes And Behaviors1356 Words   |  6 Pagesbiological approach examines mental processes and behaviors by focusing on genetics and physiology. Psychologists who use the biological approach believe that mental processes and behaviors are caused and explained by activity between the nervous system and the brain. The biological approach is very scientific; therefore, psychologists can perform consistent, measureable experiments to examine how our genes, neuronal activity, and neurotransmitters interact with our environment and how they influenceRead MoreEssay about Definition of Psychology714 Words   |  3 PagesDefinition of Psychology The term psychology comes from two Greek words: psyche, which means 1. The spirit or soul. 2. The human mind. 3. In psychoanalysis, the mind functioning as the center of thought, emotion, and behavior. And logos, the study of. or according to modern researches science These root words were first combined in the 16th century, at a time when the human soul, spirit, or mind was seen as distinct from the body. Definition ofRead MorePsychology 103942 Words   |  4 Pages Question 1 of 10 1.0 Points How is the diversity of psychology limited, even today? A. There are very few psychologists that are members of racial minorities. B. The majority of psychologists are male. Incorrect C. Psychologists in the United States far outnumber those in all other countries combined. D. Both A and B. Answer Key: A Feedback: Remember that only approximately 5% of psychologists in the United States are members of a minority group. Read MoreFoundations of Psychology Paper785 Words   |  4 PagesPaper * This paper will discuss the major schools of thought in psychology and examine their major underlying assumptions. The paper will also identify the primary biological foundations of psychology linked to behavior. According to our reading in psychology is the scientific investigation of mental processes and behavior. Mental processes include how a person thinks, feels, remembers as well as a person’s behavior. When a doctor needs to understand a person they need to know the person’s biologyRead Morepsy 3601407 Words   |  6 PagesCognitive psychology is the study of mental processes surrounding learning, memory, perception, and thought. Though it is still a relatively new formal branch of psychology, its roots extend back to Descartes who sought a way to explain how the mind worked, proposing the analogy of a â€Å"hydraulic system of nerve function† (Willingham, 2007, p. 26) after he observed animated statues in Saint-Germain-en-Laye. It has been the restless pursuit of not only the idea of how the mind works but also what exactlyRead MoreCross Cultural Psychology1160 Words   |  5 Pagesknowing one, or at times more than one, kind of culture. Everyone has differe nt beliefs and ways of doing things and this usually has to do with our culture and the way we have been raised and brought up. This type of psychology looks into these many different cultures and studies how they affect us as humans and our development, mental processes, and behavior. Cultural psychology is a field in psychology that assumes that the idea that culture and mind are inseparable and that psychological theoriesRead MoreOrigins of Psychology and Research Methods Worksheet1462 Words   |  6 PagesHe believed that many psychological problems result from the conflicts that occur between acceptable behavior and unacceptable unconscious sexual or aggressive motives. His theory was called Psychoanalysis. Freud relied more on deductive reasoning rather than on rigorous research methods, hence making his approach non-scientific. Also, he laid emphasis on the importance of unconscious processes and unresolved past conflicts. Behaviorist: The founder of the behaviorist school of thought is JohnRead MoreA Career as a Psychologist Essay1432 Words   |  6 Pages Psychologists are very important people; they help millions of people with their everyday struggles and problems that they have to deal with. Not only do psychologists help people with problems that they cannot handle on their own, they also are scientists who study human minds and behaviors. With being a psychologist, there are many different careers to choose from within this profession (Explore Health Careers). The first type of psychologists to choose from is a clinical psychologist. ClinicalRead MoreCognitive Affective1347 Words   |  6 Pagesempirical branch of psychology, which aims to answer all questions regarding human activities, related to knowledge and emotions, such as, how we think, learn, and remember. It is grounded on the theory that thoughts and emotions affect our behavior; furthermore, behavior can be changed through a modification of our thoughts or emotions. Cognitive psychologists examine how our minds obtain, apply, organize, and retrieve information. In addition, the topics of attention, decision-making, critical thinkingRead MoreThe Scientific Study Of Behavior And Mental Processes1289 Words   |  6 PagesPyschology â€Å"The scientific study of behaviour and mental processes in humans and animals† (Scottish Qualifications Authority, 2001). This assessment essay will cover the four major schools , its development of it , key features that characterise each of the four schools of thought, the historical context and an evalution. The Psychodynamic approach includes all the theories in psychology that see human functioning based up on the interaction of drives and forces within, the person , partly unconscious

Enterprise Resource Planning Implementation

Question: What are the different issues can emerge in post-implementation phase of ERP implementation? How these issues can be rectified and avoided in future implementations? Answer: 1.Introduction ERP system is one of the improved versions of technology which helps the contemporary company to manage their resources well. It is technology based system which helps the organization to integrate business management system covering the areas of enterprise like human resources, finance, logistics and operations (Breznitz, 2008). Enterprise resources planning promises to maintain the one data base, one applications and own user interface which customized the solution for the current enterprise. With the rise in demand of ERP system various companies like Microsoft, SAP and Oracle has made their version of ERP system in order to give proper solution to the problems. Implementation of ERP cost is higher therefore it is afforded by the big business houses (Grabski, Leech Sangster, 2009). However, the study deals with the post implementation of ERP issues. Along with that study will also highlight the various types of issues and how the issues can be rectified. 2. Background Enterprise resource planning has been evolved from the system known as MRPII (Manufacturing requirements Planning) system helps to integrate with the suppliers, customers, and manufacturer using the network such as LAN, Wan and internet etc (Grant, 2003). Since MRP II was creating number of problems like not been able to integrate different functional areas and traditional form of application system which why ERP is being modified version of MRPII. ERP has certain characteristics which qualify for the true solutions. It is quite flexible system that response to the changes, it is modular and open and it performs of various multi-facility woks at once. ERP provides the multi platform which would increases the facility for the company that would again helps in gaining the higher productivity within the limited amount of time. ERP performs the core activities and increase the customer service which would bridge a information gap across organizations (Gupta, 2008). ERP also helps the org anization top cater large market share by reducing the time limit of services and the set the benchmarking for every job. Implementation of ERP is one of the costly affairs. It cannot be sued by small or the SME for their business venture. ERP solution opt the better project management. It allows automatic introduction of the latest technologies like EFT and EDI which will help to eliminate the problems like materials storages, efficiency improvement, customer services, inventory problems and delivery timings (Musaji, 2002). The success ratio of the implementation of ERP is based on the consultants and the consulting company along with user and vendors in order to achieve the overall objectives. The implementation consultation has to understand the need of the users, understand the business needs and design the solution as per the needs. It also helps in the managing and enabling the all the tool which will help to make the work much better which is helpful in adding the efforts (Peterson, Gelman Cooke, 2001). During the implementation, the packaging of the ERP can be changes as per the business and made into customised form so that it becomes the user friendly. Along that role and responsibilities of the employees have to be clearly identified, understood and the employees will have to accept new processes. Figure 1: ERP life cycle framework (Source: Reuven Karni, 2009, pp-233) Implementation of the ERP needs package such as formation plan, preparation of plan, mapping the business process and analyzing the gap. However, there are certain risk associated with ERP will have cost the governance issues in an ERP (Sheldon, 2005). After the implementation of ERP critical success factors must be achieved by the company in the long run along with company also is able to classify its KPI (Key performance indicators). 3. Post Implementation issues i) Technical issues: Post implementation of ERP, company faces technical aspects within the ERP system which could be common phenomenon. ERP systems success rests on the integrations of data across the institutions (Sommer, 2006). ERP system success factors are based on the integrations of data across the institutions. An ERP helps the organisations with the individual data resources, duplicate resources and coordinating between the data sources. It is disorganized data base structure that can give the inaccurate data. Another major technical difficult would be reporting and sharing of the wrong information because of poor implementation of the ERP (Stahl, 2007). The next issues with the implementation of the ERP should be to maintain the data and strong properly which would be very difficult in future if the implementation of data is very much poor and the maintained separately. Figure 2: ERP Technical support (Source: Suki Suki, 2010, pp-432) On the other hand, another major problem is its complexity in use. The people who are basically technologically handicapped will be able to cope with the problem of user friendliness technology (Marinos et al. 2001). for instance, Nike faced problem of with its i2 system of ERP in June 2000 which may be reflect software problems which has been close tied with the core business. The functional way of implementation of ERP system would creates poor performance of ERP system failures which would lead to great cause of ERP implementations failures (MK, 2012). This is because of the poor product selections, poor packages selection and inadequate developed functional requirements definition by the vendors. Accurate data is absolute information which is required to maintain the system functions properly. If the accurate data is not provided by the vendor company the implementation of the job redundancy (Musaji, 2002). Technical problem that is faced by the EROP after the implementation of ERP are given below: Non-robust and incomplete ERP packages: The ERP packages vendor promises that its products are the next versions. However, ERP packages needed to robust and must be some of standard which would upgraded every time own his own rather than to invest every times for the part of customization for which a vendor upgraded the base ERP packages (Shields, 2001). Poor custom code: The poor custom code is another technical issue which could be raise within the technical aspect of the job. Since the poor custom code create problem for the company in near future as the coding of the software is very much relates the business process and resources integrated (Parr and Shanks, 2000). The custom code leads to data errors summarizing the data and converting the data and unifying the data which would increase the version of data stores. ETL (extractions transformation loading) tools are pieces of softwares for the extractions of data from the several sources, filtering the data, the data and insertion into a data warehouse (Baggio, 2008). Data integration problem: Apart from the above, another major problem of ERP system is the conflicts with business strategy. The problem of data integration causes severe discrepancies for the business after the installation is not made as per the requirement of the functional resources (Beatty Williams, 2006). Data ERP integration problem start with the packages are not designed to tie up other autonomous applications is major default in integration problems. (ii) Managerial Issues Type of problems Percentage Cost of the project overruns 66% Project delays 54% Conflicts with company goals 40% Change management resistance from the employees 32% Conflicts with consultants 34% Internal conflicts 30% Conflict with vendors 28% Cost of the project overruns: Implementing ERP system within the existing system create million or rather multimillion affair of the company. Cost of the project after the implementation must be reviewed by the manager which will help the manager to understand the project cost has overruns or has work as per the demand of the customers (Chen, Razi Rienzo, 2011). After the implementation of the ERP system as per the required integration , manager needs to assess whether the reason for the overrun of the cost and how its should be compensate after the completion. Cost of ERP is very much overruns the company existing budget which would also lead to increase in higher debt and affect in the operation system which is one of the major problem for the manager (Elbertsen Reekum, 2008). The typical cost of the ERP for the large organizations starts from the $400,000-300,000. It has been estimated that the total cost of ownership would be US $54,320 per user. There has been significant hidden cost which with ERP implementation includes training , integrations and testing of data conversion. The manager is also concern about the ROI which return on invest on the invested project (Elragal Haddara, 2013). If the project in not been used as per expected return then the company has to face huge loss and the manager may get fired for instance FoxMeyer managerial failure increases the cost. Employee resistance to change: Besides that cost, manager also faces strong employee resistance issues that require retraining and re-orientations on the part of the employees. Employees are very much apprehensive about the technological changes within the company because of the fear of job security within their mind. ERP often requires more data collection screen that legacy systems which may increase the employee workload (Gordon, 1996). Another major key issues holds here is the employee retentions. The manager could face the resignation from the employee and retire early in order to save themselves from the pain of learning of new technology (Hagoort Brown, 2000). Another major problem would employee who are directly involved with the ERP may exit the organizations due to high demand for the experienced ERP programmers and installers (Johansson, 2012). Apart from that, manager need to also invest in the change management which may take huge time and cost in order to make changes as per change is been made with the customer base. Employees resistance to change is one of the tougher approaches for the manager as the employees are habituated with the existing of way of working. Some of the major ERP managerial failure in the private sector are Hershey Foods whose sales has been dropped by the 24% which is because of the incompetency of the ERP system that caused the distribution problems within the organisations (Cowderoy Powell, 2002). Other major examples of ERP failure system is for the FoxMeyer drugs which was latter went for bankruptcy after the unsuccessful ERP implementation. As the change in this company is not able to cope with the technologies because of which the company faces tough time to manage the company manpower asset (Dantes Hasibuan, 2010). Lack of senior level management commitment was reveals that some of users were not accommodated with the changed technology. Lack of communication within the management could also be one of the major steps which have made the change within the management harder which an indirect of affect of ERP on manager (Khanna, 2012). (iii) Effectiveness issues There are many effectiveness issues which has been identified after the installation of the ERP within the company. As the companies are befitting with the efficiency of the SAP built company also faces tough to survive because of poor effectiveness of the ERP within their company (Sommer, 2011). Some of the major companies which lacks the proper effectiveness are Whirlpool who has been facing crippled in it shipping system which is leaving appliances stacked on load of the docks and paying customers for full eight weeks. It has been found that half of the ERP problem is because of the people and work culture not the technical within the company (Supramaniam, Abdullah Ponnan, 2014). Apart from that other major examples is given from the company called Volkswagen delays in shipment delays that cost the inventory charges higher than the expected , this is because of the proper inefficiency of the ERP (Haynes, 2009). As the ERP efficiency is based on the integrated functional system which can be delayed in the ship because of the lack of updating of the system (Verma, 2011). There are other major various problems which could also lead to poor efficiency of the ERP systems such as: Increase in procurement lead time: Increase in the procurement lead time may decrease the efficiency of the manufacturing unit which would to create again problems within the company. Apart from that, failure of DEV network also may lower efficiency of the company which would increase the procurement lead time Apart from that, efficiency is totally depended upon how fast the data storage passes the filter information to the required apartment (Yakovlev Anderson, 2001). If the data is not passed at right time then the problems of customer response time would increase. This could decrease the customer base of the company which will lead the company to lose its customer base face of poor efficiency of the IT system. ERP is chosen because of its efficiency level is higher than human being (Musaji, 2002). Lack of proper efficiency would decrease the company efficiency which would hurt the company profitability in the near future. One of the major aspects of the ERP is that, owners and the managers can actually keep their eye on the investment. Updation difficulty: On the other hand, the ERP may face the updating difficulty in updation of the information once to be entered. This problem also can be create in delay in the project of the company (Peterson, Gelman Cooke, 2001). Time constraints: Time limitation in sending of the information is less which would also make it next efficient way of handling things. This would restrict the time access of internet which delays in the project shipment to customer updating (Reuven Karni, 2009). Although there has time given for data entry but most of the times as the access to the intent would be unavailable, therefore, submitting the total job within the time given will be next to impossible for the company (Ferraro, 2007). This would cause because of the poor internet service or rather inefficiency of ERP. Moreover, time consuming in ERP system will can be increased because sometime company need to feed the same information several times which will take time consuming because of the format for the entering data was found to be boring and formats kept changing demand the same informations in different format again and again (Sheldon, 2005). 4. Solutions The issues can be tacked in various ways in order to manage the ERP system within the company. Since the company has implemented the ETP system and after that the problem has been arises the solution will as per the given in this phase of the job. For technical issues: Figure 3: Norms for better success ratio of efficient ERP implementations (Source: Sommer, 2006, pp-443) From the above, it has been found that, technical defaults can be manage via choosing the best packages and given enough and adequate documentation for the company which would lead the ERP system less faulty (DeCarlo, 2010). Apart from that, given chooses eth best companies like SAP and Oracle who are known for their ERP system globally. The EREP system of the SAP is very much mitigate the risk of the robust packages which contain the specific form of functionality which comprises of accounts , HRM , finance and corporate governance along with sales and marketing. Apart from that, the company also specifically manage the data integration via using DEV network-PRD landscapes customers would give ample amount to the solution to the company for the large and medium size company (Marinos et al. 2001). Apart from that, all other systems (DEV, ACC, PREPROD, and PRD) should get connected to SAP solution manager PRD in order to benefit from all that data in one place (Losey et.al.2007). The major disadvantage of DEV SAP would help the manager to support the packages which would make it easier to minimize the impact on the error and the efficient custom code which would reduce the data integration problem for the company. For managerial issues: Figure 4: Ideal ERP system in large organizations (Source: Baggio, 2008, pp-55) With proper training and the making of Gantt chart for the project, the overrun cost and the managerial problem will be solved (Gido Clements, 2012). Gantt chart will given enough scope to understand the managers to analyse the cost and time of the project which is ERP. In order to reduce cost overrun, manager can creates schedule and proper planning which would give him the enough scope to complete the project and analyses the reason for time consuming (Beatty Williams, 2006). Apart from that by using the lewins change model of the managing the HRM would decreases the problem of the hiring and firing (Klussmann, 2009). Most of the employees are fear of the job security which would be eradicated if the change model phases would be used which is Unfreeze, change and Refreeze. This model will give enough scope to handle the pressure of being the change within the management (Konrad, 2009). With help of proper training and development, manager would able to achieve the employee retention and employee engagement process for the technological advancement (Lockwood, 2007). Manager need to choose the proper vendors which understand the company requirement and provide the solutions accordingly. For Efficiency issues With proper planning and implementation ERP Vendors Market share SAP 33% Oracle 10% JD Edwards 7% People Soft 6% Baan 5% Others 39% Graph 1: market share of ERP software (Source: Elragal Haddara, 2013, pp-215) Market share of the ERP vendor list SAP is higher because it is very efficient technologies which assemble and fits as per the company requirements (Gordon, 1996). As the company large companies are looking for the facing data updating problem because of business of the company is expanded in international circuit. Therefore the company should look to use SAP form of ERPs which would enable the integrating best practices as per the organizations standard. The data updating would be updated as per the data mining process of the ERP which would given enough scope to manage the time and the cost of ERP system for the company (Elragal Haddara, 2013). Apart from that ERP drivers must be able to satisfy the customer satisfaction, more efficient processes and meeting the business re engineerings requirements. The time consuming of the data interfaces would be solved by the use of the software which more of customized and fits with these process. Te efficiency of the ERP can be managed and control by security measures like CAPACHA and biometric measures to enhance the scalability of the ERP softwares (Johansson, 2012). With CAPCHA the efficiency to restrict the data and access to control data confidentiality which was leased the lines to control internet failure chances. Conclusion ERP software solution is used for the better management of the activities, data and information across the institution. In order to successful implementation of ERP system need to be more of high capability and the customised as per the given documentations. After the implementation of ERP, There have been numerous issues such as technical issues, managerial issues and efficiency issues. Technical issues are data integration which is caused by due to poor choosing of packages and lack of expertise. Apart from that managerial issues like cost overruns and employee resistance to change are some of the major changes which is needed to be handled by the managers after the implementation of ERP systems. Lastly, efficiency issues like time constraints in data updating can be resolved via the use of CAPATH security which increase the internet efficiency that would again the increase the efficiency of the company. Reference List Books Breznitz, Z. (2008). Brain research in language. New York: Springer. Grabski, S., Leech, S., Sangster, A. (2009). Management accounting in enterprise resource planning systems. Oxford: CIMA. Grant, G. (2003). ERP data warehousing in organizations. Hershey, PA: IRM Press. Gupta, A. (2008). Quality assurance for Dynamics AX-Based ERP Solutions. Birmingham: Packt Pub. Musaji, Y. (2002). Integrated auditing of ERP systems. New York: J. Wiley Sons. Inc. Peterson, W., Gelman, L., Cooke, D. (2001). ERP trends. New York, NY: Conference Board. Reuven Karni.,. (2009). ERP. Springer-Verlag US. Sheldon, D. (2005). Class A ERP implementation. Boca Raton, Fla.: J. Ross Pub. Shields, M. (2001). E-business and ERP. New York: Wiley. Sommer, R. (2006). 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Language Learning, 58, 35-55. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2008.00460.x Beatty, R., Williams, C. (2006). ERP II. Commun. ACM, 49(3), 105-109. doi:10.1145/1118178.1118184 Chen, K., Razi, M., Rienzo, T. (2011). Intrinsic Factors for Continued ERP Learning: A Precursor to Interdisciplinary ERP Curriculum Design. Decision Sciences Journal Of Innovative Education, 9(2), 149-176. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4609.2011.00301.x Elbertsen, L., Reekum, R. (2008). To ERP or not to ERP? Factors influencing the adoption decision. IJMED, 5(3), 310. doi:10.1504/ijmed.2008.017434 Elragal, A., Haddara, M. (2013). The Impact of ERP Partnership Formation Regulations on the Failure of ERP Implementations. Procedia Technology, 9, 527-535. doi:10.1016/j.protcy.2013.12.059 Gordon, E. (1996). Beyond averaging: Extracting physiological ERP sub-processes from conventional ERP data. European Neuro psychopharmacology, 6, 215. doi:10.1016/0924-977x(96)88314-3 Hagoort, P., Brown, C. (2000). ERP effects of listening to speech: semantic ERP effects. Neuropsychologia, 38(11), 1518-1530. doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(00)00052-x Johansson, B. (2012). Exploring how open source ERP systems development impact ERP systems diffusion. IJBSR, 6(4), 361. doi:10.1504/ijbsr.2012.049468 Cowderoy, T., Powell, L. (2002). Becoming a flexible friend [ERP implementation]. Manufacturing Engineer, 81(6), 253-256. doi:10.1049/me:20020602 Dantes, G., Hasibuan, Z. (2010). The Impact of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) System Implementation on Organization: Case Study ERP Implementation in Indonesia. IBIMA Business Review Journal, 1-10. doi:10.5171/2011.210664 Khanna, K. (2012). Choosing an Appropriate ERP Implementation Strategy. IOSRJEN, 02(03), 478-483. doi:10.9790/3021-0203478483 Sommer, R. (2011). Public Sector ERP Implementation: Successfully Engaging Middle-Management !. CIBIMA, 1-11. doi:10.5171/2011.162439 Supramaniam, M., Abdullah, A., Ponnan, R. (2014). Cost Analysis on ERP System Implementation amongst Malaysian SMEs. International Journal Of Trade, Economics And Finance, 72-76. doi:10.7763/ijtef.2014.v5.343 Verma, S. (2011). Implementation of Data Warehouse in ERP System. IJAR, 3(9), 46-48. doi:10.15373/2249555x/sept2013/41 Yakovlev, I., Anderson, M. (2001). Lessons from an ERP implementation. IT Prof., 3(4), 24-29. doi:10.1109/6294.946615 Klussmann, W. (2009) Philosophy of Leadership - Driving Employee Engagement in Integrated Management System. 5th ed. Oxford: Elsevier. Konrad, A.M. (2009) Engaging employees through high-involvement work practices. Ivey Business Journal, 5, 211-219. Lockwood, N. R. (2007) Leveraging Employee Engagement for Competitive Advantage: HRs Strategic Role. Journal of SHRM, 2-11. Losey, M., et.al., (2007). The future of human resource management. 5th ed. Harlow: Prentice Hall Companion. DeCarlo, D. (2010) EXtreme Project Management: Using Leadership, Principles, 4th ed. London: Kogan Page Limited Ferraro, J. (2007) The Strategic Project Leader: Mastering Service-Based Project Leadership, New York: Taylor Francis Gido, J. Clements, J. P. (2012) Successful Project Management, 5th ed. London: McGraw-Hill Education. Haynes, M. (2009) Project management: practical tools for success. 4th ed. London: Library Association Publishing.

Lab Report Digestion Essay Example

Lab Report Digestion Paper These large molecules cannot cross last membranes intact to be absorbed from the lumen of the digestive tract into the blood or lymph; hence, it must undergo degradation in size (Sherwood, 2013). This degradation process is catcalled by hydrolysis enzymes, which split large molecules into smaller, observable units by combining with water. (Similarity, 2013) The hydrolysis of molecules becomes more effective by the release of specific enzymes that works at optimum pH in different regions of digestive tract. The three major GIG hormones are gastric from the stomach mucosa, secreting and collections (KC) from the duodenal mucosa. Gastric is released primarily in response to protein in the stomach, and its effects promote digestion of protein. Secreting is released in response to acid in the duodenum, and its effects will neutralize the acid. KC is released in response to fat in the duodenum, and its effects optimize conditions for fat digestion reactions. (Sherwood, 201 3) Digestion of carbohydrates begins in the mouth (salivary digestion), where the salivary glands (sublunary, subliminal or parroted) will secrete an amylase called fatality that begins the hydrolysis of complex polysaccharides: Plant extraterrestrial glycogen I Amylase Disaccharide(maltose, sucrose, lactose) I Fatality has an optimum pH of around 6. 8, which is roughly the pH found in the mouth. Protein digestion begins in the stomach (gastric digestion) where the enzyme pepsin splits proteins to shorter polypeptide chains containing amino acids. Secretion and activation of pepsin occurs as follows: Possession(chief cells) WHQL (parietal cells) I Pepsin I Besides activating possession, HCI provides the stomach a pH of 2, so the pepsin activity works at optimum level. For digestion of fat, pancreatic lipase reaction must be aided with the presence of bile salts as an emulsifier. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report Digestion specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report Digestion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report Digestion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Lipase is a water-soluble enzyme, and it is not effective alone to act on the large lipid droplets which are water insoluble. Bile salts emulsify by breaking the fat into smaller droplets so that lipase has a larger surface area for the hydrolysis of fats. The pancreas also aids digestion by secreting sodium bicarbonate. This compound provides a pH of around 7. 8 in the small intestine, which is optimal for the action of the pancreatic enzymes (Similarity, 2013). 2. 0. OBJECTIVES * To examine the action of some of the key digestive enzymes and the factors that can alter their activities. 3. 0. MATERIALS AND METHODS 3. 1. Materials Test tubes (15 20 ml), test tube clamps, measuring cylinders (10 ml), watch glass, pH paper, water baths with test tube racks, hard-boiled egg whites, 1% acetic acid, 1% pancreatic solution in 0. 2% NAACP, 0. 5% starch paste, Logos solution, Benedicts solution, 5% pepsin solution, 0. 5% HCI, concentrated HCI, 0. 5% Noah, ice, powdered litmus, litmus paper. 3. 2. Methods 3. 2. 1 . Activity 1 1 . About 10 ml of human saliva (fresh) is collected in a graduated cylinder. 2. A small amount of saliva is placed in a watch glass and a few drops of 1% acetic acid are added. A precipitate indicated that the present of music (a globetrotting) is indicated by precipitate occurrences. 3. Four test tubes are prepared and labeled as follows: Tube 1 | Tube 2 | Tube? I Tube 4 | 3 ml starch+3 ml waterlines water bath | 3 ml starch+3 ml saliva inch water bath 3 ml starch (cooled)+3 ml saliva (cooled)inline bath | 3 ml starch+3 ml saliva+5 drops con Histrionic water bath I 4. Half of each tubes contents are poured into a new test tube each respectively after the tubes are incubated for 1 hour. One set of tubes is tested for: 5. 1. Starch (Logos solution) 5. 1 . 1. Ropes of Logos solution is added to each tube. Presence of starch is indicated by dark purple color occurrences. The amount of starch is indicated by the shades of reddish brown. 5. 1. 2. The amount of starch is rated based on the intensity (++4), (+4), or G). 5. 2. Maltose (Benedicts solution) 5. 1. 3. 4 ml of Benedicts solution is added to each tube. The tubes are then placed in a boiling water bath fo r 2 minutes. 5. 1. 5. The tubes are removed using a clamp and the concentration of maltose is compared using the following scale: red (+++), orange-yellow (++), green (+), blue (-). 3. 2. 2. Activity 1 . Thin slices of cooked egg white with same size (about 0. 5 cam) are placed in four test tubes. 2. Following solutions are added to the tubes and the pH of each tube is determined: Tube 1 | Tube 2 | Tube 3 | Tube 4 | 5 ml pepsin(5 % solution)+5 ml HCI(O. 5 %) | 5 ml pepsin(5 % solution)+5 ml water | 5 ml HCI(O. 5 ml water | 5 ml pepsin(5 % solution)+5 ml Noah(O. 5 96) | 3. The tubes are allowed to incubate in a teacher bath for 1 hour. The final pH of the solutions is tested and the amount of protein digestion is estimated using a scale of (+++), (++), (+), and (-) by comparing the four tubes. . 0. RESULTS 4. 1. Activity 1 pH of saliva: 6. Presence of Music: present Table 1: Reaction of saliva in 4 different conditions of tubes Tube I Starch I Maltose I Explanation I 1. Water I 2. Saliva I +++ _ 3. Cooled saliva I ++ I 4. Saliva,HCI 1+1 I 4. 2. Activity 2 Table 2: Reaction of pepsin in 4 different conditions of tubes Tube Initial pH Final pH I Estimated digestion Explanation 1 1. P epsin,HCI 1 31 31 +++ I phi caused from the HCI presence and is optimum for pepsin activity so the amount of protein digestion is highest among others. 1 2. Pepsin,water 1 51 61 ++ I The H is 5 which higher than optimum pH of pepsin and pepsin is not in acidic environment. Thus, the amount of protein digestion is lower than tube 1. | 3. HCI,water 1 31 31 +1 The pH is already optimum for pepsin but there is absence of pepsin. Thus, the amount of protein digestion is the lowest. 4. Pepsin,Noah | 14 | 14 I Pepsin work best in acidic environment, not alkaline. Thus, there is no protein digestion occurred. | 5. 0. POST-LAB QUESTION 5. 1. Salivary Digestion of Carbohydrates 1. Function of music in the mouth: Acts as lubricant for easier swallowing and protects the mouth lining from abrasion. 2. Indicate the relative amounts of starch and maltose after incubation. . What in vivo (in the body) situation is simulated by the conditions in tube 4? The hydrolysis of carbohydrates by the act of fatality is inhibited. 4. Does fatality hydrolysis of carbohydrate continue in the stomach? No, the enzyme become inactive soon the food environment is below 4. 0, which the stomach is, by the action of HCI secreted. 5. Where else is amylase secreted in the digestive system ? Pancreas, and is called pancreatic amylase. 5. 2. Gastric Digestion of Protein 1 . What in vivo (in the body) situation is simulated by the conditions in tube 4? Pepsin cannot digest protein in alkaline pH environment. 2. Which other enzyme have major proteolysis activities in the digestive tract? Trapshooting, comprehension and prestidigitations 3. A person with chlorinated has defective secretion by the parietal cells. What is the physiological effect of chlorinated in the body? If the HCI is absent in the stomach, protein digestion will be severely impaired, the effect can be associated with pernicious anemia, stomach cancer and pellagra. 4. What is the function of the mucous cells in the gastric pits? i. Protects the gastric mucosa against mechanical injury through its lubricating properties. Protects the stomach wall from self-digestion due to pepsin iii. Protects gastric lining against acid injury by neutralizing HCI secretions through its alkaline properties without interrupt the function of HCI in lumen. 6. 0. DISCUSSION All food ingested will go along through alimentary canal until it is secreted. Carbohydrates group will undergo digestion first along the way since the enzyme amylase that is responsible to digest the nutrient present in the saliva in the mouth. Besides having amylase to initiates chemical digestion, saliva also retests oral cavity, such as music. Music is a slippery globetrotting that protects the mouth from friction or erosion whilst undergo mastication (Campbell, et al. , 2008). Salivary amylase helps the carbohydrates digestion by hydrolysis complex polysaccharides to disaccharide and a-limit Dexedrine, that later will be broken down even further by other enzymes into incarcerations, a unit of nutrient that is observable (Sherwood, 2013). Tube 1 shows slowest reaction because there is no enzyme that can act upon starch or maltose present inside. The reaction will be different if there is implement enzyme present because enzyme functions as catalysts, agents that selectively speed up chemical reaction without being consumed by the reaction (Campbell, et al. , 2008). Hence, tube 1 will react as a control for the results in other tube in Table 1. In tube 2 that containing saliva, there is consistent reaction occur in starch but no in maltose. It is because saliva contain salivary amylase; enzyme that hydrolysis complex polysaccharides such as starch, consisting polysaccharides amylase (unbranded chain of glucose) and implementation (branched chain of glucose) into smaller polysaccharides (Sherwood, 2013). Since amylase is selectively reacting to polysaccharides, so it does not affect the reaction of maltose, which is a disaccharide. For tube 3 that containing saliva that is cooled, the reaction of starch is slower than tube 2, while the reaction of maltose is same as other previous tube that test on maltose which is no reaction. Enzyme works best at its optimum temperature that is 37 co which is the normal body temperature (Campbell Ferret, 2012). Any drops in the temperature will slower the enzymatic reaction like the cooled saliva containing amylase in tube 3. For tube 4, the pH environment is not suitable for amylase to take action. Fatality or amylase has an optimum pH of around 6. 8 (Similarity, 2013), so the acidic environment would inhibit the enzyme, resulted in very slow reaction of starch, and the no reaction in maltose like other tube. Protein group begins it digestive process in the stomach mantra, which containing enzyme pepsin that responsible in hydroplaning protein to peptide fragment, that soon undergo further breakdown by the act of other enzyme until it become nutrient unit that is observable which is amino acid (Sherwood, 2013). For activity 2, the rating of the results will be based on the intensity of the rupture of albumin textures. Based on Table 2, tube 1 has the most reaction of protein digestion compared to tube 2, 3 and 4. It is because enzyme pepsin works best at pH of 2 (Campbell Ferret, 2012), and tube 1 has the nearest pH preferable that is 3, being provided by the present of HCI. It can be observed that the part of the albumin is fragmented. Tube 2 has the second protein digestion because the pH environment is not too acidic for pepsin to act. Hence, there is less fragment resulted at the albumin in tube 2. Since there is no present of pepsin, the digestive process for tube 3 comes in third because there is no enzymatic reaction occurs although the pH reading for tube 3 is near to the optimum pH of pepsin activity.

Life Did Get Better for Many Americans in the 1930s Essays

Life Did Get Better for Many Americans in the 1930s Essays Life Did Get Better for Many Americans in the 1930s Essay Life Did Get Better for Many Americans in the 1930s Essay The New Deal was put into place in 1933; it was a government scheme to create jobs, by spending money on work schemes such as building roads and dams, and also to help the unemployed and poor. The scheme was based on the idea that once people were earning wages, they would begin to buy goods, businesses would begin to revive, they would then employ workers, theses workers in turn would earn money and therefore spending it in the economy, and so on. Thus meaning that the downward spiral caused by the depression would be changed into an upwards spiral, boosting the lives of U.S. citizens. The New Deal helped many Americans; the Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA) provided $500 million in benefits to the poor and the unemployed. Another scheme, the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) helped the economy revive in two ways, it employed young men and some women between the ages of 18 25. The money they earned helped to revive the economy when they re-invested in it, as well as this, the work they did helped the agricultural market, since it included things such as planting trees to stop soil erosion. Another way in which the New Deal helped the Agricultural economy was through the agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) of 1933, it meant that crops were destroyed and animals slaughtered, in order to make prices rise, therefore enabling farmers to sell at a profit again, thus improving the conditions of farmers lives. A further technique by which the New Deal helped farmers and people living in farming valleys was via the Tennessee Valley authority. The scheme was intended to provide cheap electricity, stop floods and make the soil fertile. The scheme worked, by 1943, 80% of valley farms transferred from kerosene lamps to electricity. The Second part of the new Deal, which began in 1935 greatly worked to improve the lives of ordinary U.S. citizens. It included the Social Security Act (SSA), this began the first national system for helping old citizens through a pension scheme, it also provided benefit for the unemployed, and this improved the lives of ordinary citizens. Other policies of the New Deal which improved the lives of many Americans during the 1930s were the Works Progress Administration (WPA) which provided employment, by schemes such as building schools, hospitals and roads, as well as finding assignments for writers artists and photographers. This improved lives by providing jobs, and therefore money to citizens, as well as good schools and hospitals to increase their living standards. Also the Wagner act of 1935 improved lives for workers living in the 1930s, it gave every worker the right to join a union, in order to enhance their working standards. The act also set up the National Labour Relations Board to punish employers who did not recognise workers rights. Still, despite this there were many limitations to the New deal, which refrained the lives of many Americans from getting better. Despite authorities such as the CCC, TVA and WPA helping in getting Americans back to work unemployment still remained high and women and black workers were not given as fair a chance as white male workers. This was mainly due to the fact that the majority of black workers were neither skilled nor unionised, so the policies of the New Deal did not affect them very much, though the black workers it did affect, it mainly did so in a negative way. For example when crops were destroyed through the AAA the compensation given only reached the people at the top the land owners, the workers mainly blacks lost their jobs in exchange, since the less crops there were the less work their was to be done. 20, 000 blacks lost their jobs due to taking land out of production. Also black people, and women were still paid less than men, even if they did the same job as men . They were only used because they received a lower pay. Another example of the limitations of the New Deal was that despite the Emergency Banking ACT (EBA), which helped to re-open banks, trust in banks was not yet fully restored, and investment still only reached 75% of former levels. The greatest limitation of the New Deal was the opposition to its policies, it received opposition from campaigners for States Rights, which objected to schemes like the TVA that forced them to co-operate in the Federal Governments plan to build dams across seven states, it believed that the right of states to make their own laws was being taken over by the state government. Opposition such as this slowed down the policies of the New Deal from coming into place. Other objection came from the Supreme Court, it decided that many of Roosevelts deals were unconstitutional this meant they were illegal. When Roosevelt threatened to retire judges even the general public turned against him, they thought he was interfering too much, so the idea was abandoned. Fortunately for the New Deal some judges retired anyway, and new younger judges supported Roosevelt. This delayed many policies, but it was overcome eventually. One major group, which made a strong barrier against policies of the New Deal, was rich business men such as Al Smith and John Davis and wealthy organisations such as the American Liberty League, they did not like the interference of the New Deal, they opposed it for giving support to workers, and also for choosing to help the poor although he was rich himself. Although Roosevelt challenged big business it remained very powerful and was able to undermine the policies of the New Deal. The consequences of opposition groups were that after the problem with the Supreme Court in 1936 Roosevelt became more cautious, and in 1937 since prosperity seemed to be returning Roosevelt cut the New Deal budget, this was exactly what Conservatives wanted. Many workers employed by the New Deals own organisations were laid off, this cut in spending triggered cuts throughout the economy, and the downward spiral in the economy began once again. This recession meant that Roosevelt was badly affected, in the1937 congressional elections the Republicans did well, this meant that it became much harder for Roosevelt to push his reforms through congress. Still, Roosevelt was still popular with ordinary elections, he was re-elected with a big majority in 1940, but now Americas attention became focused on the outbreak of war in Europe. The war helped to improve peoples lives and the economy through providing jobs to a large majority of Americans, men to fight in the war and women to work in factories making ammunition, this helped greatly to reduce unemployment and revive the economy For those people whose lives did change in the majority of the 1930s it was due to the New Deal, although the new Deal did not help everybody. Still it was not the only factor contributing to the improved living standards, the war played an important role in improving the economy and the lives of US citizens towards the late 1930s, and in the early 1940s.

History of Bar Code and Bernard Silver

History of Bar Code and Bernard Silver What is a bar code? It is a  method of automatic identification and data collection. History of Bar Codes The first patent for a bar code type product (US Patent #2,612,994) was issued to inventors Joseph Woodland and Bernard Silver on October 7, 1952. The Woodland and Silver bar code can be described as a bulls eye symbol, made up of a series of concentric circles. In 1948, Bernard Silver was a graduate student at Drexel Institute of Technology in Philadelphia. A local food chain store owner had made an inquiry to the Drexel Institute asking about research into a method of automatically reading product information during checkout. Bernard Silver joined together with fellow graduate student Norman Joseph Woodland to work on a solution. Woodlands first idea was to use ultraviolet light sensitive ink. The team built a working prototype but decided that the system was too unstable and expensive. They went back to the drawing board. On October 20, 1949, Woodland and Silver filed their patent application for the Classifying Apparatus and Method, describing their invention as article classification...through the medium of identifying patterns. Commercial Use of Bar Codes Bar code was first used commercially in 1966, however, it was soon realized that there would have to be some sort of industry standard set. By 1970, the Universal Grocery Products Identification Code or UGPIC was written by a company called Logicon Inc. The first company to produce bar code equipment for retail trade use (using UGPIC) was the American company Monarch Marking in 1970, and for industrial use, the British company Plessey Telecommunications was also first in 1970. UGPIC evolved into the U.P.C. symbol set or Universal Product Code, which is still used in the United States. George J. Laurer is considered the inventor of U.P.C. or Uniform Product Code, which was invented in 1973. In June of 1974, the first U.P.C. scanner was installed at a Marshs supermarket in Troy, Ohio. The first product to have a bar code included was a packet of Wrigleys Gum.

Knowing Your Audience Paper and Communication Release Essay - 6

Knowing Your Audience Paper and Communication Release - Essay Example After about two weeks, the first borehole reached the survivors (Malone, 1986). According to the Reuters, all the thirty three workers were alive. These people are able to receive emergency lights and rations to stave off the darkness. The company rescue workers are making efforts to getting to a way in which they can pull one by one of the trapped miners to the service. They have estimated the period to about just four months. These miners are supplied with tuna, milk cracks and morsel. Their extreme discipline as the company’s employees has made them survive the incident (Rosssou, 2012). The company is putting efforts to establishing safety measures to the employees. The global press coverage centers put their efforts to rescuing the trapped miners alive, the Chilean mining authorities and al over the world mining authorities; they are trying to put the workers lives at great peril by systematically cutting safety corners. Additionally, the government is aiming at controlling the private mining to ensure safety and health risks to their employees. Generally, the government agencies are working to promote mining investments in our company. On the other hand, the owner of the company has taken an action by taking some short dangerous shortcuts for the safety of the workers. The local worker unions through the introduction of ventilation ducts tunnel reinforcement emergency exits and safety lodges have been enforced for the safety of the employees. The company president has come out with various authorities and the state agency has taken the responsibility for the mini ng safety in the Chilean mining company. The mining minister has also called out for a full investigation of the Chilean collapsing accident (Rosssou, 2012). In that case, there is enough safety for the employees within the Chilean mining company. This shall be done by both the company and the government. There would be more

Education - Curriculum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Education - Curriculum - Essay Example Research though different than evaluation is a necessary component of curriculum evaluation. Curriculum evaluation is an ongoing process that does not begin at the end of curriculum delivery; instead formative and summative evaluations are used conjointly to create a comprehensive view of the curriculum. Likewise, all those in contact with the curriculum from the teachers to the curriculum design specialist enact curriculum evaluation. This model provides a functional example of curriculum evaluation in which all aspects of the curriculum are evaluated and analyzed for program improvement. Asking the right questions requires understanding of the desired goals in each area of the curriculum. Evaluating educational goals complete with their objectives in each area are the first step in assessment of the curriculum. Curricular components that should be addressed are; is the curriculum relevant, is there a balance in the curriculum, is the curriculum integration desirable, is the curriculum properly sequenced, is there a continuity of programs, are learning’s transferable, is the scope of the curriculum adequate, realistic, and are curricula well articulated between levels (Oliva, 2003)? Understanding the goals for curriculum and students in these areas is the first key to curriculum evaluation. The curriculum specialist must know the key component goals in order to evaluate effectiveness and areas of needs. Asking questions requires research and evaluation. It is important to note that although closely related, evaluation and research, in the curriculum evaluation process are separate tools that combine to create a functional analysis of a program. Evaluation is the process, which determines the effectiveness of a program. Evaluation answers questions such as; is the scope of the curriculum realistic, is the sequence appropriate, is the curriculum age-appropriate, is the curriculum relevant

Categorical imperative Essay Example for Free

Categorical imperative Essay The Golden Rule- Do unto other as you would have them do unto you. Yes, corny as hell, but it works. If you make a decision and think of yourself as suffering the potential outcome; it will often help to make a wiser and more considerate and ethical decision. EXAMPLE: if you are using a pirated software then think being in shoes of a person who has developed that software. All of his hard work is going in vein and he is getting nothing from you. 2. Immanuel Kant’s Categorical Imperative- Yes, take a note from a philosopher. If a action is not right for everyone, then it is not right for anyone. A bit idealistic and unrealistic for most scenarios; but hey, it might keep you from EXAMPLE: While using pirated software if you think that it doesn’t make any difference to developer’s income but, you think that if everyone started using pirated software then developer will get nothing from his software and then no one will develop any software because there is no income from that, which ultimately hurts the world as a whole†¦ 3. Descartes’ Rule of Change- Principle that states that is an action cannot be taken repeatedly, then it is not right to be taken at any time. Yes, another philosopher, how grand life is. Of course this should not surprise us considering that morality is one of the major areas of study of philosophy. EXAMPLE: if you are downloading songs from unauthorized sites for free and you think that let me do it once next time I will download it from authorized sites. Thus you think that doing this repeatedly is unethical then doing it once is also unethical. 4. Utilitarian Principle- This is where one takes the action that achieves the higher or greater value. This of course assumes that values can be put in rank order and understand the consequences of various courses of action. Pretty far away from the Golden Rule, Hugh? EXAMPLE: in critical situation rather categorizing action in ethical or unethical you should categories or rank them into more unethical to less unethical. For example keeping track of every email of every citizen might harm privacy of people so it is unethical but it is useful to avoid any terrorist activity so tracking email of every citizen of country is less unethical 5. Risk Aversion Principle- The principle that one take the action that creates the least harm or incurs the least cost. This assumes that all actions have some harm, and our job is to take the action with the least amount of harm. EXAMPLE: hacking is considered as unethical practice but in war-situation through hacking if you can get access to warehouse of firearm manufacturing company then it is useful to save your country by using that firearms thus in this case we are selecting an action which harm a firearm manufacturing company but saving whole country. 6. No Free Lunch Rule- This states that there is no such thing as a free lunch. If something someone else has created is useful to you, it has value and you should assume the creator wants compensation for this work. EXAMPLE: In India lots of people are using pirated windows 8 operating system thus they are not paying any compensation to Microsoft so this action is unethical.

Screening Ticks from Different Counties and Comparing Them Essay

Ticks will be collected from areas in the five counties in the state where Lyme disease and other tick-borne infections are prevalent. Trapping sites will be set in known tick habitats in the five counties to help in trapping and collecting small animals, including the target pests. Sherman live-traps baited with oatmeal and peanut-butter will be set at the sites to ensnare the ticks. All captured animals will be regularly and carefully examined to allow the researchers to extract as many ticks as possible. The trapping of animals and extraction of ticks from the captured animals will take about four weeks. All ticks collected will be placed in vials containing 75% ethanol and sent to parasitology laboratories. The screening process will be done through MasTag polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a multiplication method, which is known for its fast and economic screening of tick-borne pathogens. PCR is also known for efficient and accurate screening of ticks for polymicrobial contagion. Before beginning the PCR procedure, the ticks will be removed from the vials, washed with saline containing phosphate buffer, and then homogenized with Tri-reagent LS. The next step will involve nucleic acid extraction, where total RNA will be suspended in about 30ml of H2O. The generation of cDNA will then follow where 20ml of the solution and 15ml of total RNA will be reacted using Superscript 11 Reverse Transcriptase as a catalyst. The MassTag PCR procedure will then be done using the tick panel, with primers added to the reactants to help detect the Borrelia species responsible for relapsing fever and the Powassan virus. All the MassTag PCR assays that will be done in the experiment will utilize 3ml of cDNA. The final PCR products wi... ...tology 140.1 (2006): 143-147. Print. Koch, KR, and JG Burg. â€Å"Relative Abundance and Survival of the Tick Amblyomma americanum Collected from Sunlit and Shaded Habitats.† Medical and Veterinary Entomology 20.1 (2006): 173-176. Print. Teel, Pete, HR Ketchum, DE Mock, RE Wright, and Otto Strey. â€Å"The Gulf Coast Tick: A Review of the Life History, Ecology, Distribution, and Emergence as an Arthropod of Medical and Veterinary Importance.† Journal of Medical Entomology 47.5 (2010): 707- 722. Print. White, Stephan, and Donald Mock. â€Å"Ixodus scapularis (Ascri: Ixodidae) in Kansas: A New Distribution Record.† Journal of Medical Entomology 28.6 (1991): 872-873. Print. Williams, Christopher, William Davidson, Scott Lutz, and Roger Applegate. â€Å"Health Status of Northern Bobwhite Quail (Colinus virginiaus) in Eastern Kansas.† Avian Diseases 44.1 (2000): 953-956. Print.

Intro to Security Final Project Essay

Due in Week Nine: Write 3 to 4 paragraphs giving a bottom-line summary of the specific measureable goals and objectives of the security plan, which can be implemented to define optimal security architecture for the selected business scenario. The objective of the Security Policy is to provide the basis of a secure information system within the Bloom Design Group. This policy will protect the information system from threats that exist in nature as well as disasters that exist from humans. The policy will also give consideration to the privacy, reputation, intellectual property and productivity of Bloom Design Group. The efficient operation of this company is dependent on being able to access and use resources within the building and being able to remote access with security. Each employees responsibility must be considered and appropriate access will be given to ensure that information is shared only with those who have the authority to have it. This policy will ensure the adherence to the Bloom Design Group policies but also with any government regulations. By limiting the access to certain groups of users, the security policy will guard against misuse of data and information. All processes that are within the system will be aligned with the policy and executed automatically to ensure that the policy is effectively protecting the information and resources in a continuous manner. Any disruptions or security risks will be dealt with immediately and automatically by means of the system software that has been established and configured for these purposes. 3. Introduction Due in Week One: Give an overview of the company and the security goals to be achieved. 3. 1. Company overview As relates to your selected scenario, give a brief 100- to 200-word overview of the company. The Bloom Design Group is an interior design business that offers services to clients globally. There is a corporate office in New York and a secondary office located in Los Angeles. The group’s website allows clients a virtual decorating tool, where they are able to get an idea of the design and color scheme they would like to see and how it may look after the design is completed. This is a great tool to aid the client in making decisions, backed up by consultation by experienced interior designers as well. The designers are able to access their client files and style guides utilized by the company. The designers will also be able to process orders for materials and furniture when accessing the website. Access is gained by a secure login and password. The employees and designers of this company conduct most of their business remotely and access the network via a secure VPN. 3. 2. Security policy overview Of the different types of security policies—program-level, program-framework, issue-specific, and system-specific—briefly cover which type is appropriate to your selected business scenario and why. For The Bloom Design Group, a program-framework policy would be appropriate. The corporate office would set the security policy as it pertains to network usage. The program-framework policy would cover the WAN, the entire organization would be covered by it and all decisions related to how data is accessed by the workforce. This would require an acceptable use policy, which pertains to all areas of access including remote access, authorized data retrieval and retention, and connections within the WAN. 3. 3. Security policy goals As applies to your selected scenario, explain how the confidentiality, integrity, and availability principles of information security will be addressed by the information security policy. 3. 3. 1. Confidentiality Briefly explain how the policy will protect information. Using the program-framework policy will help in making it possible that only those with authorized access to the company’s data will be the ones doing so. VPN technology will be utilized for these individuals and devices only. These will continue their privileges as long as the policy is complied with. The VPN will be maintained so as to minimize risk of unauthorized access, keep user and data confidentiality as much as possible over the internet, ensure the reliability of the company’s system as well as those systems of the authorized users of the network. 3. 3. 2. Integrity Give a brief overview of how the policy will provide rules for authentication and verification. Include a description of formal methods and system transactions. The program-framework policy will maintain the data and keep it secure, reliable, and free from corruption. The policy will keep unauthorized users from gaining, retaining, modifying, or deleting data of the company by means of firewalls, encryptions, and anti-spyware or anti malware tools. The VPN will be secured with using a tool that provides encryption and user authentication. Intrusion detection tools will also help protect the VPN. 3. 3. 3. Availability Briefly describe how the policy will address system back-up and recovery, access control, and quality of service. The program framework policy will maintain that authorized individuals, users, and systems will have access to information in its original format and at all times. The IT department will keep the business continuity plan up to date and and secure it in such case that there is a need for it due to emergencies. The company will create a business impact analysis which will evaluate risks to the company’s data and systems will be ready to be used for recovery of data if needed. A disaster recovery plan will also be created with step by step implementation to ensure recovery and continuation of business operations in the event recovery is needed due to loss. A risk analysis will be created to further identify and take steps to secure the company’s data. Full cooperation from each department and the administration of the company is needed for these plans to be effective. Training will be conducted in order to ensure that all are compliant to the plan. (Merkow & Breithaupt, 2006). 4. Disaster Recovery Plan Due in Week Three: For your selected scenario, describe the key elements of the Disaster Recovery Plan to be used in case of a disaster and the plan for testing the DRP. 4. 1. Risk Assessment 4. 1. 1. Critical business processes List the mission-critical business systems and services that must be protected by the DRP. The Bloom Design Group has the need of protecting their general support systems. These are the mission-critical systems and services to be concerned with. They are related to network connectivity, access to the internet and various resources through applications that will rest on the network that will aid in the daily productivity of the company. The following list of systems is includes the assets that must be protected by this plan.

New York Times Paywall Strategic Considerations Essay

According to Chairman Sulzberger the goal of the paywall was to â€Å"build the Times’s digital subscription base and develop a new robust consumer revenue stream, while maintaining its significant digital advertising business.† Secondary to the constraint of maintaining the ad business was the requirement to maintain social buzz and branding. To begin, the NYT wanted to increase future revenues for the paper and offset the inevitable decline of its print revenue. This, in the short run, was a success. As described in Question #2; this added over $81 million in previously unexploited revenue in just the first year, indicating significant potential for future growth in digital subscription revenue. To maintain the ad business, the paywall could not significantly decrease the digital advertising revenue. For NYT Media Group, and by extension NYT, digital advertising increased by 5.3% in 2011, suggesting that the implementation of the paywall did not reduce digital adverti sing revenue in the short run. However, the NYT quarterly reports (shown in Appendix C) showed the paper’s digital ad revenue decreasing through much of 2012 and early 2013. Additionally, the paywall should not lead to a loss in readers or impressions. According to Exhibit 13 in the case, (and explained further in Question #2), the page visit drop equates to a 21 page per visitor ratio before the paywall to an 18.5 page per visitor ratio after the paywall, roughly a 11% drop in impressions. If the NYT has a pay-per-impression contract with its advertisers, this can mean up to a 11% drop in ad revenue in the long run, calling into question the overall success of the paywall. Finally, the NYT wanted to maintain the social buzz and branding for the paper. They did this by allowing unlimited access to articles if visitors came to the website via search engines or social media. This allowed people to read and be aware trending articles coming from the paper and keep their brand visible.. Overall, the paywall was working at the time of the case. It successfully registered significant numbers of readers willing to pay for the service. The paywall policy added a consistent revenue stream while maintaining leisure readers and promoting its online social presence. Whether the paywall will work in the long run will be determined by the revenue from subscriptions outpacing the loss of advertising revenue. 2. Is the New York Times paywall well-designed? Is it  priced right? Financially, paywall design is a basic supply vs. demand problem where the NYT optimizes revenues from online subscriptions against the advertising dollars lost. In the months before the paywall was instituted, the NYT site had approximately 715 million page views per month (adjusted to 30 day month). As soon as the paywall took effect, page views dropped to approximately 635 million as readers moved to other sites (Appendix A). This equates to an 11% drop in ad impressions within an industry seeing growing viewership. Therefore, we assume that online ad revenues decreased by approximately 11% after the paywall went into effect (decrease in online ad revenues of $23.68M off a base of $211.68M in 2011). Conversely, the 390,000 online subscriptions brought in $81M (at $4 per subscription), more than enough to make up for the loss in ad revenues. From this perspective, the paywall was a striking success. In addition, our team performed a conjoint analysis to help determine how customers value the various features and workarounds for the subscription paywall, and to evaluate whether the NYT could further optimize its pricing structure (Appendix B). In this analysis, we examined weekly subscription price ($8.75 vs. $3.75), paywall design (initial free article limit of 0 or 20), subscription leakiness (ability to access articles around paywall via social networks, etc.), and platform availability (subscription for all devices at once or tiered fee per device). This analysis confirmed our intuition that consumers are most sensitive to the price of the subscription. We also found that consumers are unlikely to value a subscription if they can get 20 free articles upfront. This is a much bigger determinant of whether and how much a customer will pay for a subscription than the possibility of getting free articles through their soci al network or other referral means. Based on this, the NYT would be able to charge an additional $2.37 if they were to stop offering 20 free articles per month and an additional $1.01 per subscription if they stopped allowing leaks to their paywall. However, making these changes would reduce page views and would have to be balanced against losses in ad revenues. Another way the NYT could raise revenues is to reduce the cost of an all device subscription. Based on the average subscription cost of $4.00, very few customers are opting for the all-platform subscription. However, our  analysis shows that customers are willing to pay $5.46 ($3.75 base subscription plus $1.71 in additional value) for a subscription open to all platforms. Making this change could add $29.6M in revenue if all customers took this deal while increasing subscriber page views due to increased access. 3. What is the long-term goal of the New York Times in creating the paywall? To understand the future of the NYT paywall, we looked at the newspaper’s recent trends in advertising and circulation revenues. In 2011, NYT Media Group derived 45% of its revenues from circulation and 49% from advertising (Exhibit 2). The NYT has seen a steady decline in print and digital advertising and recently reported that the paper â€Å"generated $900 million in ad revenue [in 2012], compared with $2 billion in 2002.† [1] Its print subscriber base is not faring much better. The Sunday Times saw a 10% drop in print subscribers by 0.15M from 2007 to 2011. The weekday NYT print circulation dropped 17.43% and the Saturday Times declined by 10% over the same period. Despite this, print subscribers still account for about 84% of the paper’s circulation revenue. [2] Digital subscriptions have seen strong growth since 2011. According to the Q2 2013 NYT earnings report, â€Å"Paid subscribers to The Times†¦ digital-only subscription packages, e-readers and r eplica editions totaled about 699,000.†[3] This represents a 35% year-over-year increase since 2012 and a 79% increase since Dec 2011. Based on these trends, we can conclude that digital circulation will play an important role in the future of the NYT. The long-term goal of the NYT paywall is to build a permanent digital subscription base. To make digital circulation effective, the NYT needs the paywall. Why would subscribers pay for digital access if they can get it for free? It is interesting to note that in March 2012, the NYT reduced the free access threshold from 20 articles to 10 – and in the following year, it expanded its digital customer base by 35%. Digital circulation cannot single-handedly support The Times going forward. The paper must rely on a mix of revenue streams and the print edition (and the decreased ad revenue it brings in) will continue to be a major source of income. The price of the print edition has skyrocketed in recent years from $0.75 in 2001 to $2.50 in 2013. We wonder if a more secure  paywall might also allow similar future price increases in the digital realm. 4. Will newspapers transition to all digital? How should the New York Times manage a transition to the new world of content provision? Despite the mainstream use of iPads and other electronics for consuming news, the printed newspaper is still in demand. In 2011, NYT newspaper sales made up 45% of the annual revenue. This is attributed to a strong segment of readers who still prefer the hardcopy of the paper. The overall trend still suggests that news is rapidly moving towards the digital form, perhaps eventually transitioning to an all-digital platform. The transition to fully digital will likely not happen within the next five years based on the print subscription trends from 2007 to 2011, but the NYT must be prepared to manage its revenue sources as circulation diminishes. The NYT has three main revenue streams – advertising (both digital and print), subscriptions, and other ventures. Together, advertising and subscriptions made up 94% of the revenue in 2011. In this largely digital age, only 28% of the advertising revenue stems from digital ads. To evaluate the NYT strategy to transition to digital news, we must determine the newspaper’s profitability today and in the future. Our analysis focuses on the NYT Media Group, rather than the whole company which includes other newspapers and ventures. In 2011, the Media Group comprised of 67% of the company’s revenues so we assume the operating costs are proportional. We also assume that operating costs include production costs and SG&A, and ignore depreciation and amortization for this analysis (Appendix F). Based on our scenario planning, which varied the percentage of print and digital subscriptions and ads, we conclude that the NYT is profitable today and will continue to be profitable despite the shift towards the digital platform. While overall revenues from ads and circulation decrease (as the rate of digital subscriptions cannot make up for the loss in print), the operating cost of running production decreases. If the news become completely digital in the future, the NYT must focus on driving online subscriptions and ads. 5. Would a paywall work for all newspapers? For other content providers? If not, what other strategies would work? The paywall may not work for all newspapers. In some cases like the NYT, the paywall model worked, but the same strategies may not apply to other newspapers. The successful was largely due to the NYT strategic positioning and ability to attract a large number of unique visitors (~33 million) and page views ( ~600-700 million) as compared to those of USATODAY.COM, WASHINGTONPOST.COM, WSJ.COM, etc. (~5-15 million, ~80-150 million respectively). Other key reasons for its success included the steady increase in the online newspaper traffic, past experience in digital subscriptions, low marginal cost in adding customers for its digital subscription, and external reasons such as launch of IPad in 2008 which improved the user experience for reading digital content. Other newspaper such as The Washington Post, Scientific American, and the Economist have succeeded with the paywall because of their specialized content. According to US newspaper industry report in 2009, 5000 players in this ind ustry operated for total annual revenues of $35 billion but the top 50 firms accounted for more than 75% of the revenue. For the remaining firms, implementing a paywall could be significantly destructive to their business as customers would go elsewhere. Therefore, a newspaper firm has to be strategic if it wants to introduce paywall in its revenue stream. Not every content provider can have successful paywall. Some strategies that have been defined earlier can work in their favor. Other strategies include the BostonGlobe vs. Boston.com strategy. One has high quality content with great user expereince (paid service of 99 cents for 4 weeks) and the other has free low quality content. Another model is the Metro; free widely distributed newspaper at metro stations. Hulu.com provides free content for a limited time and moves other content to Hulu Plus. Netflix.com allows access to TV shows and movies anytime with flat rate subscription cost. Appendix A – Chart describing data presented in Question 2 Appendix B – Output from Regression Analysis in Excel Appendix C – Selected NYT Financial Information from 2012-2013 The below excerpts came from the NYT Media Group’s investor reports found here: http://investors.nytco.com/investors/financials/quarterly-earnings/default.aspx Q213: Print and digital advertising revenues decreased 6.8 percent and 2.7 percent. Q113: Print and digital advertising revenues decreased 13.3 percent and 4.0 percent. Q412: Print advertising revenues decreased 5.6 percent and digital ad revenues rose 5.1 percent. Q312: Print and digital advertising revenues decreased 10.9 percent and 2.2 percent. Q212: Print and advertising revenues decreased 8.0 percent and by 4.0 percent. Q112: Print and digital advertising revenues decreased 7.2 percent and 10.3 percent. Q411: Print and digital advertising revenues fell by 8 percent and 5 percent. Appendix D – References for Question 3 [1] http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/14/business/media/a-leaner-times-aims-for-global-growth.html?_r=0 [2] http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/14/business/media/a-leaner-times-aims-for-global-growth.html?_r=0 [3]http://investors.nytco.com/investors/investor-news/investor-news-details/2013/The-New-York-Times-Company-Reports-2013-Second-Quarter-Results/default.aspx Appendix E – Forecast Figures on NYT Profitability based on % Figure 1: Forecast of the NYT Total Revenue, Total Operating Costs, and Operating Profit as digital circulation and advertising increase while paper circulation and advertising decrease. Assumptions are listed in Appendix F. Figure 2: Detailed breakdown of advertising revenue from digital and print as the NYT transitions towards all digital. The year 2030 was chosen to determine the NYT’s strategy to become an all digital news provider. Appendix F – Assumptions made to evaluate NYT profitability for the future 1. Depreciation and amortization were not included in calculating profitability. 2. Advertising revenues continue to decline at the same rate as 2008 – 2011. 3. Print subscriptions continue to decline at the same rate as 2008 – 2011, calculated by summing the Sunday and weekday subscriptions while subtracting out the Saturday subscriptions to make up the overlap. 4. The average cost of the paper subscriptions is $10.50 (unweighted by popularity of subscription type) and the average cost of the paywall is $5.80 (not discounted by sign up offers and one-time discounts). 5. The percentage of revenue from digital ads grows by 5% from 2012 to 2016 as the NYT shifts toward a digital platform. The assumed 5% growth is conservative based upon online readership and unique visitors on the site. 6. The cost of production is directly related to the number of paper subscriptions. The production can be scaled down when demand is reduced. 7. The revenue from circulation declines at 0.7% from 2012 to 2016 because the loss of print subscribers outweighs the increase of digital subscribers.

Mack Charles Parker essays

Mack Charles Parker essays Mack Charles Parker was an African American born in 1936. He grew up in Poplarville, Mississippi, and at age 36 was murdered by a mob because he was accused of raping a white woman. Accusing black men of crimes, even when innocent, was common in the south at this time and many innocent men were punished by death for the deeds of white men. Mack Parker was arrested for raping and kidnapping Mrs. June Walters from Petal, Mississippi. Mrs. Walters claimed that she and her husband were driving through Lumberton, MS when their vehicle broke down. Mr. Walters went to get some help while June stayed in the vehicle. She stated that while her husband was gone, Mack Parker kidnapped her and her four year-old daughter at gunpoint and took them to Black Creek Ford Road where he proceeded to rape her. At the time of the rape, she was pregnant. Mrs. Walters went to the police but did not identify her alleged attacker by name, nor did she give a very detailed description of him - she only mentioned his race and approximate age. After hours of searching, Lumberton police were told by a local Baptist minister that Parker committed the crime. With that, Parker was arrested February 24. He was beaten by the sheriff and his deputies and then taken to jail. On April 13, Mack Charles Parker was made to appear before Pearl River County Grand Jury on one count of rape and two counts of kidnapping. A few days later Parker was brought back to Pearl River County so he could appear before Judge Sebe Dale, where he pled not guilty to all charges. Judge Dale set the trial date for April 27, and Parker was returned to his cell at the Pearl River County Courthouse. Two days before Mr. Parker was scheduled to return to court, he was dragged from his cell forcefully by a group of eight to ten men. A quote in "Black Like Me" by John Howard Griffin states that they went up to his cell -the bastards- and grabbed his feet and dragged him down the stair...

How the word Planet is Defined

How the word Planet is Defined What is a planet?  Astronomers get this question a lot.  It seems like a simple-enough thing to ask about, but in reality  the definition of the term planet seems to be a moving target. Its also at the heart of a controversy that continues to spur debate in the astronomy community. To answer the question what is a planet? it helps to look back at the event that brought the issue to a head in 2006: the seeming demotion of Pluto  from planet to dwarf planet. Pluto: Planet or Not? In 2006, the International Astronomical Union  demoted a small ball of rock and ice out in the outer third of the outer solar system from planet status. Pluto became known as a dwarf planet.  The outcry, both from within and outside of the scientific community, was astounding and the subject is still under intense discussions today. The planetary science community, which is probably the best equipped to help define the term, was overruled by astronomers (not many of them planetary scientists) at an IAU meeting where the issue came up for discussion and a vote.   Why Define Planet At All? The argument of course, is that our current clumping of all the round, non-star, non-moon  objects in our solar system was not ideal. Clearly Mercury and Jupiter dont share much in common, yet they are classified as planets. In 2000, the New York Hayden planetarium was renovated, and one of the exhibits grouped the planets by similar features. This made them easier to study and understand. It also created a more coherent display with greater educational potential. However, it put Pluto as the odd world out.   That by itself didnt change the definition of planet, however. The idea of planet was under discussion for a long time before that. It continues to be an issue as scientists discover more and more worlds out there.   The 2006 decision by the IAU has been steeped in controversy among scientists, particularly those in planetary science who had not attended the meeting where a scant few astronomers voted on planetary status. However, beyond that gaffe, the  greater point of contention is that the definition as arrived at by the IAU committee frankly doesnt even make sense. What is the Definition of a Planet? Lets look at what the IAU thinks a planet is. There are three requirements:   a planet is a world that orbits the Sun and not another object;a planet is an object with sufficient gravity to become round;a planet is a world that has cleared its orbital path of debris. This last one was thought to be a problem for Pluto, although recent discoveries by the New Horizons spacecraft show that theres not much to clear around Pluto,  not even a ring!   One could argue that  Earth has not been able to completely clear its path of debris.  However, no one is arguing with the classification of Earth as a planet. Effectively the IAU was placing a distance cap on how far a planet can be from its host star. And this just doesnt make sense. So What Should the Definition Be? OK, so  the IAUs definition has problems, but its still clear that the definition of planet needs more thought and work. It is important to classify objects, its simply part of the scientific endeavour. Biologists classify life, while chemists classify compounds, and so on. But the means by which you classify the objects in a system needs to be cohesive and non-conditional. So what about the planets, and Pluto specifically? What if we just took the first two conditions laid forth by the IAU and let it go at that: massive enough to be round, but not so much that it ignites nuclear burning? That would leave the eight objects that we already consider planets and add in the ones that we currently call dwarf planets. It just so happens that Pluto is large enough that it formed itself into a sphere under the pressure of its own gravity.  And, this fact is at the heart of the IAUs third condition for planet-hood. But that isnt the end of the debate either, and for now, officially,  Pluto remains a dwarf planet.   Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Managing Budgets and Financial Plans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Managing Budgets and Financial Plans - Essay Example II. Objectives that are important to Kitchens2Go: Ultimately, it appears that the Manager is concerned with the profitability and long term prosperity of the firm, so all of the objectives that are important to the Manager should be important internally as well. III. Measuring the Objectives: The objectives can be measured by the use of Statement of Financial Performance, cash flow analyses, analysis of cost of goods sold, expense analysis, etc. All of these will show how much revenue is being generated as well as how much the firm is spending. Ultimately, the Statement of Financial Performance shows whether or not a profit is being generated, and exactly how much profit, or the lack thereof. IV. Integration of the Objectives: These objectives could be integrated into budget and reporting systems by performing a given analysis as it relates to a specific department, as well as an overall analysis of the entire operation. It appears that the Bank Manager would like copies of Kitchens2Go's financial statements every year in order to monitor expenses, revenue, and profit or loss, so that a clear picture of the health of the firm can be examined. The most useful calculations that the bank can be doing on these statements are calculations of the cost of the goods sold, value of inventory on hand, labor